Do-Now The marathon is named for a town in Greece; the site of the battle of Marathon in 490 BC. This battle was won by the Athenian army which defeated the Persians. A fter the victory, a messenger named Philippides ran from Marathon to Athens (a distance of 26.2 miles) to announce the victory. As the story goes, upon his arrival and announcement, he keeled over and died. November 20 th, 2008 Agenda Do-Now / Check HW Review – Test Preview Notes on US involvement and the end of WWI Homework Read : Chapter 19, Section 4 Compose : 3 questions which you might expect to see on the unit test

“Even God has only ten!” In 1918 President Wilson issued the Fourteen Points. This was basically Wilson’s statement of plans for peace after World War I, including ideas to eliminate the causes of war. The key ideas of the Fourteen Points included the principles of: National self-determination - each national group should be in charge of its own destiny. For example, Polish people should live under a Polish government, if that was what they wanted. Freedom of the seas - all nations’ ships would be able to sail in international waters without threat of attack by another country’s ships. League of Nations - an organization of nations established at the end of World War I to maintain world stability and peace.

An honorable cause? Woodrow Wilson declared the US wanted to “make the world safe for democracy.” America’s military resources, soldiers and war materials tipped the balance of WWI and led to Germany’s defeat in 1918.

Versailles Peace Conference Led by a Council of Four nicknamed “The Big Four” American President, Woodrow Wilson British Prime Minister, David Lloyd George French Premier, George Clemenceau Italian Prime Minister, Vittorio Orlando 4

World War I Treaty of Versailles- 1. Ended WWI 2. Recognized most of Wilson’s key principles, i.e. –freedom of the seas –a League of Nations 3. Included a mandate system –this violated the idea of national self-determination. Under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, a mandate is a region administered (overseen, governed) by another country until it was judged ready for independence.  Sound familiar??? The Versailles Treaty divided the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) into mandates, lands to be supervised or governed by the Allies under the direction of the League of Nations. France received Syria, and Britain received Palestine and Iraq.

The Treaty of Versailles also: 4. Provided for the punishment of Germany. –Went against the wishes of President Wilson, GB and FR insisted that the treaty hold GER responsible for the war. 5. Also re-drew national boundaries in Europe –created many new nations including : Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, & Poland In short, here’s the controversy: The Treaty of Versailles recognized the principle of national self-determination in Europe, BUT not in the Middle East, Africa, or Asia!

World War I After President Wilson negotiated the Treaty of Versailles, he sent it to the US Senate for ratification (approval). Under the Constitution, the President is the nation’s chief diplomat with the sole power to make treaties. However…

A hitch in the treaty process HOWEVER… For treaties to become law, need Senate approval (2/3 vote) Republicans controlled the US Senate after the 1918, and they questioned the wisdom of the Treaty of Versailles. They particularly objected to having US foreign policy decisions made by an international organization like the League of Nations, rather than by American leaders. After a long debate, the Senate failed to approve the Versailles Treaty. This Senate rejection of the Treaty of Versailles after World War I demonstrated the historical influence of isolationism on American foreign policy.

Hoping to win support for the treaty by appealing directly to the people, Wilson set off on a cross-country speaking tour in the fall of At the end of the tour, however, he fell gravely ill from a stroke. Isolated by his well- meaning family from political advisors, he nevertheless refused to give up the reins of power, and refused to compromise on the issue. When the Treaty, and with it the League, was brought to a vote, it was defeated. The U.S. technically remained at war with Germany until 1921, and did not join the League of Nations. Wilson’s Legacy?

Something to think about… Had Wilson’s health lasted, and had his speaking campaign successfully rallied American support for a League of Nations, how might US History, as well as world history, have been altered?

World War I At home the war led to a growth in intolerance. German Americans were persecuted for their ancestry. The Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 imposed a prison sentence for any anti- war activities, including the speaking of any other language than English. These Acts were directed at Socialist and labor leaders. The Supreme Court ruled that the suppression of the Freedom of Speech in war time is constitutional because of a “clear and present danger”.

World War I Just as women used their participation in the war effort to fight for their rights, African Americans also hoped to use the war to improve their status. Leaders like W. E. B. Du Bois and the NAACP officials protested strongly when initial mobilization plans did not include African Americans. A unit of the Women's Defense League drills in its camp at Washington, D.C. Although some in the women's suffrage movement refused to support the war effort until women were granted the right to vote, other suffragists took a role in mobilizing women into the war effort and used women's support as an argument in favor of their enfranchisement.