Using Deductive Reasoning to Verify Conjectures 2-3 Warm Up Lesson Presentation Lesson Quiz Holt McDougal Geometry Holt Geometry

Warm Up Identify each angle pair. 1. 1 and 3 2. 3 and 6 3. 4 and 5 4. 6 and 7 corr. s alt. int. s alt. ext. s same-side int s

Objective Apply the Law of Detachment and the Law of Syllogism in logical reasoning.

Vocabulary Theorem Postulate Paragraph proof Conjecture Deductive reasoning Slope (rate of change) Parallel lines Perpendicular lines Linear equation Slope-intercept form Point-slope form

Theorem: A statement that has been proven. Postulate: A statement that is accepted as true, without proof. Also known as an axiom. Paragraph Proof: A style of proof in which the statements and reasons are presented in paragraph form.

Conjecture: A statement that is believed to be true. Deductive reasoning: The process of using logic to draw conclusions from given facts, definitions, and properties. Inductive reasoning: The process of reasoning that a rule or statement is true because specific cases are true.

 

 

Unit 2 Postulates and Theorems   Vertical Angles Theorem Corresponding Angles Theorem Converse of Corresponding Angles Theorem Alternate Interior Angles Theorem Converse of Alternate Interior Angles Theorem Same-Side Interior Angles Postulate Converse Same-Side Interior Angles Postulate Transitive Property of Parallel Lines

Vertical Angles Theorem: vertical angles are congruent. Corresponding Angles Theorem: If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, the corresponding angles are congruent. Converse of Corresponding Angles Theorem: If two coplanar lines are cut by a transversal so that a pair of corresponding angles are congruent, then the lines are parallel.

Alternate Interior Angles Theorem: If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, alternate interior angles are congruent. Converse of Alternate Interior Angles Theorem: If a pair of lines are cut by a transversal and a pair of alternate interior angles are congruent, then the lines are parallel.

Same-Side Interior Angles Postulate: If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal the two pairs of same-side interior angles are supplementary. Converse Same-Side Interior Angles Postulate: If two lines are cut by a transversal so that a pair of same-side interior angles are supplementary, then the two lines are parallel. Transitive Property of Parallel Lines: If two lines are parallel to the same line, then they are parallel to each other.

Example 1A: Media Application Is the conclusion a result of inductive or deductive reasoning? There is a myth that you can balance an egg on its end only on the spring equinox. A person was able to balance an egg on July 8, September 21, and December 19. Therefore this myth is false. Since the conclusion is based on a pattern of observations, it is a result of inductive reasoning.

Example 1B: Media Application Is the conclusion a result of inductive or deductive reasoning? There is a myth that the Great Wall of China is the only man-made object visible from the Moon. The Great Wall is barely visible in photographs taken from 180 miles above Earth. The Moon is about 237,000 miles from Earth. Therefore, the myth cannot be true. The conclusion is based on logical reasoning from scientific research. It is a result of deductive reasoning.

Check It Out! Example 1 There is a myth that an eelskin wallet will demagnetize credit cards because the skin of the electric eels used to make the wallet holds an electric charge. However, eelskin products are not made from electric eels. Therefore, the myth cannot be true. Is this conclusion a result of inductive or deductive reasoning? The conclusion is based on logical reasoning from scientific research. It is a result of deductive reasoning.

In deductive reasoning, if the given facts are true and you apply the correct logic, then the conclusion must be true. The Law of Detachment is one valid form of deductive reasoning. Law of Detachment If p  q is a true statement and p is true, then q is true. The given statement must match the hypothesis to be valid. If the statement matches the conclusion, it is not valid.

Example 2A: Verifying Conjectures by Using the Law of Detachment Determine if the conjecture is valid by the Law of Detachment. Given: If the side lengths of a triangle are 5 cm, 12 cm, and 13 cm, then the area of the triangle is 30 cm2. The area of ∆PQR is 30 cm2. Conjecture: The side lengths of ∆PQR are 5cm, 12 cm, and 13 cm.

Example 2A: Verifying Conjectures by Using the Law of Detachment Continued Identify the hypothesis and conclusion in the given conditional. If the side lengths of a triangle are 5 cm, 12 cm, and 13 cm, then the area of the triangle is 30 cm2. The given statement “The area of ∆PQR is 30 cm2” matches the conclusion of a true conditional. But this does not mean the hypothesis is true. The dimensions of the triangle could be different. So the conjecture is not valid.

Example 2B: Verifying Conjectures by Using the Law of Detachment Determine if the conjecture is valid by the Law of Detachment. Given: In the World Series, if a team wins four games, then the team wins the series. The Red Sox won four games in the 2004 World Series. Conjecture: The Red Sox won the 2004 World Series.

Example 2B: Verifying Conjectures by Using the Law of Detachment Continued Identify the hypothesis and conclusion in the given conditional. In the World Series, if a team wins four games, then the team wins the series. The statement “The Red Sox won four games in the 2004 World Series” matches the hypothesis of a true conditional. By the Law of Detachment, the Red Sox won the 2004 World Series. The conjecture is valid.

Check It Out! Example 2 Determine if the conjecture is valid by the Law of Detachment. Given: If a student passes his classes, the student is eligible to play sports. Ramon passed his classes. Conjecture: Ramon is eligible to play sports.

Check It Out! Example 2 Continued Identify the hypothesis and conclusion in the given conditional. If a student passes his classes, then the student is eligible to play sports. The statement “Ramon passed his classes” matches the hypothesis of a true conditional. By the Law of Detachment, Ramon is eligible to play sports. The conjecture is valid.

Another valid form of deductive reasoning is the Law of Syllogism Another valid form of deductive reasoning is the Law of Syllogism. It allows you to draw conclusions from two conditional statements when the conclusion of one is the hypothesis of the other. Law of Syllogism If p  q and q  r are true statements, then p  r is a true statement.

Example 3A: Verifying Conjectures by Using the Law of Syllogism Determine if the conjecture is valid by the Law of Syllogism. Given: If a figure is a kite, then it is a quadrilateral. If a figure is a quadrilateral, then it is a polygon. Conjecture: If a figure is a kite, then it is a polygon.

Example 3A: Verifying Conjectures by Using the Law of Syllogism Continued Let p, q, and r represent the following. p: A figure is a kite. q: A figure is a quadrilateral. r: A figure is a polygon. You are given that p  q and q  r. Since q is the conclusion of the first conditional and the hypothesis of the second conditional, you can conclude that p  r. The conjecture is valid by Law of Syllogism.

Example 3B: Verifying Conjectures by Using the Law of Syllogism Determine if the conjecture is valid by the Law of Syllogism. Given: If a number is divisible by 2, then it is even. If a number is even, then it is an integer. Conjecture: If a number is an integer, then it is divisible by 2.

Example 3B: Verifying Conjectures by Using the Law of Syllogism Continued Let x, y, and z represent the following. x: A number is divisible by 2. y: A number is even. z: A number is an integer. You are given that x  y and y  z. The Law of Syllogism cannot be used to deduce that z  x. The conclusion is not valid.

Check It Out! Example 3 Determine if the conjecture is valid by the Law of Syllogism. Given: If an animal is a mammal, then it has hair. If an animal is a dog, then it is a mammal. Conjecture: If an animal is a dog, then it has hair.

Check It Out! Example 3 Continued Let x, y, and z represent the following. x: An animal is a mammal. y: An animal has hair. z: An animal is a dog. You are given that x  y and z  x. Since x is the conclusion of the second conditional and the hypothesis of the first conditional, you can conclude that z  y. The conjecture is valid by Law of Syllogism.

Example 4: Applying the Laws of Deductive Reasoning Draw a conclusion from the given information. A. Given: If 2y = 4, then z = –1. If x + 3 = 12, then 2y = 4. x + 3 = 12 Conclusion: z = –1. B. If the sum of the measures of two angles is 180°, then the angles are supplementary. If two angles are supplementary, they are not angles of a triangle. mA= 135°, and mB= 45°. Conclusion: A and B are not angles of a triangle.

Check It Out! Example 4 Draw a conclusion from the given information. Given: If a polygon is a triangle, then it has three sides. If a polygon has three sides, then it is not a quadrilateral. Polygon P is a triangle. Conclusion: Polygon P is not a quadrilateral.

Lesson Quiz: Part I Is the conclusion a result of inductive or deductive reasoning? 1. At Reagan High School, students must pass Geometry before they take Algebra 2. Emily is in Algebra 2, so she must have passed Geometry. deductive reasoning

Lesson Quiz: Part II Determine if each conjecture is valid? 2. Given: If n is a natural number, then n is an integer. If n is an integer, then n is a rational number. 0.875 is a rational number. Conjecture: 0.875 is a natural number. not valid 3. Given: If an American citizen is at least 18 years old, then he or she is eligible to vote. Anna is a 20-year-old American citizen. Conjecture: Anna is eligible to vote. valid

Lesson Quiz: Part II If <A is acute, then m<A is less than 90⁰. What conclusion can you make? If a quadrilateral is a square, then it contains four right angles. If a quadrilateral contains four right angles, then it is a rectangle. What can you conclude?

If a baseball player is a pitcher, then that player should not pitch a complete game two days in a row. Vladimir Nunez is a pitcher. On Monday, he pitches a complete game. What can you conclude? 7. If a number ends in 0, then it is divisible by 10. If a number is divisible by 10, then it is divisible by 5.

8. The Volga River is in Europe. If a river is less than 2300 miles long, it is not one of the world’s ten longest rivers. If a river is in Europe, then it is less than 2300 miles long. What are two conclusions you can make?