BA 1/12 Write a paragraph explaining how you would describe the word “culture.” In this paragraph, include how art (paintings, poetry, TV, movies, books, etc.) have an impact on our culture. Lastly, why is culture important? **Since you are writing a paragraph, you do NOT have to write the question**

Greek Culture Chapter 5 SSWH3 The student will examine the political, philosophical, and cultural interaction of Classical Mediterranean societies from 700 BCE to 400 CE. b. Identify the ideas and impact of important individuals; include Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle and describe the diffusion of Greek culture by Aristotle’s pupil Alexander the Great and the impact of Julius and Augustus Caesar. c. Analyze the contributions of Hellenistic and Roman culture; include law, gender, and science. d. Describe polytheism in the Greek and Roman world and the origins and diffusion of Christianity in the Roman world.

7 Areas of Focus 1. Philosophy 2. Drama 3. Literature 4. Religion 5. Architecture 6. Daily Life 7. Olympics

Philosophy Philosopher: thinker who uses logic & reason to investigate nature of the universe, human society, and morality  Greek word for “lover of wisdom” Assumed: 1. Universe is put together in an orderly way & subject to absolute & unchanging laws 2. People can understand these laws through logic & reason Concerned with the development of critical or rational thought about the nature of the universe (video)video

Sophists Questioned beliefs of justice and values 3 Beliefs: 1. Impossible for human mind to understand the universe 2. Important for individuals to improve themselves 3. No absolute right or wrong

Socrates

Little is known about his writings Died at age 70  Accused of corrupting youth and neglecting the gods Found guilty of crimes & given option of a fine or death He chose death Beliefs: 1. All real knowledge is present within each person 2. Socratic method  Question/answer method by using reason 3. People should constantly question themselves

Plato

Student of Socrates One of greatest philosophers of Western Civilization Wrote The Republic  Vision of a perfectly governed society Started The Academy  Academy: school of philosophy School lasted 900 years

Plato continued 3 Beliefs: 1. Distrusted democracy 2. Society should be ruled by intellectuals 3. Divided people into 3 groups:  Philosophers: rulers  Warriors: protected society  Mass population: producers

Aristotle

Student of Plato Taught Alexander the Great Invented method of arguing based on logic  Basis for scientific method Question, Hypothesis, Materials, Procedure, Data, Results, Conclusion (video)video

Drama Performed in outdoor theaters 1 st Greek dramas were tragedies  Based on love, hate, war, or betrayal 2 Characteristics of tragedies 1. Conflict between the protagonist (hero) & a superior force 2. Protagonist brought to ruin and extreme sorrow

BA 8/10 1. Define philosopher. 2. What are the sophists 3 beliefs? 3. What are Socrates beliefs? 4. Who is Plato? What did he write and build? 5. Why is Aristotle important?

Literature Learned history through spoken word  Did not write history down during this period Epic poem: narrative poem celebrating heroic deeds, courage, and honor Homer most famous poet  Wrote Iliad and The Odyssey Iliad: Trojan War with Achilles Odyssey: A soldier’s attempt to go home 10 years after the Trojan War

Myth Myth: t raditional stories about Greek gods Designed to understand mysteries of nature & power of human passions  Ex: changing of the seasons Greeks believed in gods and goddesses in which they attributed human qualities, such as love, hate, and jealousy

Religion Affected every aspect of Greek life  Considered necessary to the well-being of the state Polytheistic Gods and goddesses thought to live on Mount Olympus Among the 12 were:  Zeus: chief god & father of the gods  Athena: goddess of wisdom & crafts  Apollo: god of sun & poetry  Aphrodite: goddess of love

Architecture & Art Architecture: temples dedicated to gods  Altar was outside in open Temples used to store treasure given to the god or goddess & display the god’s picture Columns and open structures were common Best Example: Parthenon

Daily Life in Athens Family: Important institution in ancient Athens Primary function was to produce new citizens Women could only participate in religious festivals  Excluded from public life

Women’s life Could not own property Had male guardians Married at Expected to remain at home No education

Olympics Greatest of all ancient Greek sport festivals Held every 4 years beginning in 776 BCE Designed to honor Zeus Games: footraces, wrestling, boxing, javelin, discus throwing, long jumping, chariot racing

Olympics continued Only one winner  Received wreath of olive leaves as prize Olive leaves considered sacred to Zeus Games could be dangerous  Wrestlers gouge out opponents eyes Slam opponent head first onto hard surface  Some athletes killed during games

EA 1/10 Start the “Build Your Own City” assignment We will present this later in the week for a presentation grade.