A Framework on Women in LDCs: arguments (DW readings): 1.Gender oppression results from their subordinate status, a result of patriarchy and religious orthodoxy (Coleman) 2. Women’s education advances economic progress (Coleman) 3. Gender integration: considering roles and targeting programs (Hunt & Posa) 4.Individual values of self expression vs. collective or religious control (Inglehart & Norris)

Source for PP: Ashford, L.S. (2005). Population Bulletin plate=PopulationBulletin.cfm&BeginYear=2001http:// plate=PopulationBulletin.cfm&BeginYear=2001. accessed 11 Jan 2006 also see. Ashford, L.S. (2001). Population Bulletin, vol. 57,1: accessed 11 Jan 2006 United Nations, The World's Women 2000

A Framework on Women in DW: Concepts from readings: 1.Gender oppression is related to patriarchy and religious orthodoxy (Coleman) 2. Women’s education advances economic progress (Coleman) 3. Gender integration: considering roles and targeting programs (Hunt & Posa) 4.Individual values of self expression vs. traditional or religious control (Inglehart & Norris)

Female Pop : World contrast III W: 1/3 or > female teens and children AIC : 1/4 or > women over 50 (See graph) Source: (Pop Ref Bureau) PRB, Women of Our World 2005

Proportions of Younger and Older Women, Selected World Regions Percent of female population Source: (Pop Ref Bureau) PRB, Women of Our World 2005

Girls and Boys’ Secondary School Enrollments, Latest Year Source: PRB, Women of Our World 2005; UNESCO Enrollments as a percent of the applicable age group

Mexico vs. India: India lags behind in female literacy Source: World development Indicators Data base, July 2000.

Mexico primary school female enrollment% Source: World development Indicators Data base, July 2000.

India: primary school female enrollment % Source: World development Indicators Data base, July 2000

Women who depend on urban wage III World: < 1/4 AIC : > over 40%

Trends in Women’s Share of Non-farm Wage Earners, Selected Regions Source: PRB, Women of Our World 2005; International Labour Organization Percent of paid, non-farm workforce

Women’s labour force participation (1997): III W:44% South Asia33% Wages as % of men’s wages: Mexico71% Bangladesh 50 % Source: see Ashford, L.S. (2001). Population Bulletin, vol. 57,1: Legislators (women %): (2003) Sweden43% India 9% Mexico23% Source: WB (WID)

Mexico: Labor force, female (% of total) Source: World development Indicators Data base, July 2002.

India: Labor force, female (% of total) Source: World development Indicators Data base, July 2002.

India: poorest 20% of women average # of children 4 prenatal care 25% deliverywith medics12% Mexico: % of all women no education 11% average # of children 4 teens childbearing18% All women - physical assault India 40% Canada 29% See data in Ashford

A Framework on Women in DW: Concepts from readings: 1.Gender oppression is related to patriarchy and religious orthodoxy (Coleman) 2. Women’s education advances economic progress (Coleman) 3. Gender integration: considering roles and targeting programs (Hunt & Posa) 4.Individual values of self expression vs. traditional or religious control (Inglehart & Norris)

Gender integration: Gender roles Development projects: Aid programs do not targetwomen: why & how? Aid programs do not target women: why & how? women’s role not taken into account in projects women’s role not taken into account in projects women are ignored in designing project needs women are neglected in decision-making on environment

Gender inequalities, poverty, & violence Mortality ratesMortality rates Socio-economic statusSocio-economic status Literacy & educationLiteracy & education Jobs & wagesJobs & wages Decision-makingDecision-making AbuseAbuse

Higher mortality rate: why? Sex selective abortions Less food Less health care Hardships of low status: Genital mutilation Child marriage Pressured to bear more children No protection against HIV Little education Joint family pressures

Inequalities in labour force participation, education, literacy, and health – a vicious cycle MNCs: low wage underclass MNCs: low wage underclass Livelihood vs. literacy Livelihood vs. literacy Endangered health Endangered health

A Framework on Women in DW: Concepts from readings: 1.Gender oppression is related to patriarchy and religious orthodoxy (Coleman) 2. Women’s education advances economic progress (Coleman) 3. Gender integration: considering roles and targeting programs (Hunt & Posa) 4.Individual values of self expression vs. traditional or religious control (Inglehart & Norris)

Approval of Political and Social Values in Western and Muslim Societies Western Muslim Democratic Performance 68% 68% Democratic Ideals 86% 87% Strong Leaders 61% 61% Religious Leaders 62% 39% Gender Equity 82% 55% Divorce 60% 35% Abortion 48% 25% Homosexuality 53% 12% Source: World Values Survey, pooled Sample Note: Table made from bar graph

After World War II: Income growth & material satisfaction in AICs Emergence of welfare state Decline of poverty Economic security Post-materialist values