AN INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

Structure verses Function Anatomy – study of structure Anatomy – study of structure Physiology – study of function Physiology – study of function Functional anatomy Functional anatomy Tissues – groups of cells that share a common function. Tissues – groups of cells that share a common function.

EPITHELIAL TISSUE Body covering and lines inner body cavities. Body covering and lines inner body cavities. Attached to the basement membrane Attached to the basement membrane Basement membrane is an extra cellular matrix. Basement membrane is an extra cellular matrix. Function primarily protection and some secretion. Function primarily protection and some secretion.

Classification Can Be Based on Number of layers Classification Can Be Based on Number of layers Simple epithelium – single layer Simple epithelium – single layer Found on surfaces that participate in gas and nutrient exchange. Found on surfaces that participate in gas and nutrient exchange. Stratified epithelium – several layers Stratified epithelium – several layers Found on surfaces that undergo frequent abrasion. Found on surfaces that undergo frequent abrasion. Psuedostratified epithelium – Appear to be more than one layer but are not. Psuedostratified epithelium – Appear to be more than one layer but are not. Found on surfaces that are ciliated. Found on surfaces that are ciliated.

Classified by Cell Shape Squamous – Flat “tile like” cells. Squamous – Flat “tile like” cells. Meant for covering large areas. Meant for covering large areas. Glandular or Cuboidal – Cube shaped cells Glandular or Cuboidal – Cube shaped cells Involved in storage and secretion. Involved in storage and secretion. line glands and mucous membranes. line glands and mucous membranes. Columnar – brick shaped cells. Columnar – brick shaped cells. Involved in storage and secretion. Involved in storage and secretion.

Chuck and Me

Psuedostratified columnar

Simple Columnar

Simple Cuboidal

Columnar Ciliated

Connective Tissue Bind and support other tissues. Bind and support other tissues. Sparse population of cells scattered through and extra cellular matrix. Sparse population of cells scattered through and extra cellular matrix. Matrix usually secreted by the cells that make up the tissue. Matrix usually secreted by the cells that make up the tissue. Matrix may be – web like fibers, gelatinous or fluid. Matrix may be – web like fibers, gelatinous or fluid.

Connective Tissue Fibers Composition Collagenous Fibers – Tensile Strength Collagenous Fibers – Tensile Strength Elastic Fibers – Elasticity Elastic Fibers – Elasticity Reticular Fibers – Connects layers of tissue together. Reticular Fibers – Connects layers of tissue together.

Major Types of Connective Tissue Loose - Packing material that holds organs in place and has all types of fibers. Loose - Packing material that holds organs in place and has all types of fibers. Cells scattered throughout this type of tissue are macrophages and fibroblasts. Cells scattered throughout this type of tissue are macrophages and fibroblasts. Adipose – Stores fat and provides insulation. Adipose – Stores fat and provides insulation.

Fibrous – Dense and mostly collagenous fibers. Fibrous – Dense and mostly collagenous fibers. Tendons - attach muscle to bone. Tendons - attach muscle to bone. Ligaments – join bones together. Ligaments – join bones together. Cartilage – Collagenous fibers embedded in a rubbery matrix made of condroitin sulfate. Cartilage – Collagenous fibers embedded in a rubbery matrix made of condroitin sulfate. Secreted by chondrocytes Secreted by chondrocytes Strong but flexible Strong but flexible

Adipose Tissue

Loose Connective Tissue

Connective Tissue

Bone – Mineralized connective tissue. Bone – Mineralized connective tissue. Osteoblasts - deposit a matrix of collagen that is flexible but more brittle than cartilage. Osteoblasts - deposit a matrix of collagen that is flexible but more brittle than cartilage. Hydroxyapatite - calcium, magnesium and phosphorous matrix. Hydroxyapatite - calcium, magnesium and phosphorous matrix. Osteons (Haversian systems) are subunits of bone that contain blood vessels and is innervated. Osteons (Haversian systems) are subunits of bone that contain blood vessels and is innervated. When and osteoblast gets caught in its own secretion it is called an osteocyte. When and osteoblast gets caught in its own secretion it is called an osteocyte.

Cartilage

Blood – Cells suspended in a fluid matrix called plasma. Blood – Cells suspended in a fluid matrix called plasma. Plasma contains water salt and a variety of proteins. Plasma contains water salt and a variety of proteins. Erythrocyte – Red blood cells. Carry O 2 and CO 2 to and from tissues via hemoglobin. Erythrocyte – Red blood cells. Carry O 2 and CO 2 to and from tissues via hemoglobin. Leucocytes – White blood cells involved in the immune system. Platelets – Proteins involved in the clotting of blood.

Nervous Tissue Senses Stimuli. Electrically activated. Senses Stimuli. Electrically activated. Axons transmit impulses toward another neuron. Axons transmit impulses toward another neuron. Composed of Neurons. Composed of Neurons.

Neuron

Muscle Tissue Myofibrils made up of contracting proteins called actin and myosin. Myofibrils made up of contracting proteins called actin and myosin. Individual units are called sacromeres. Individual units are called sacromeres. Most animals are primarily composed of muscle tissue. Most animals are primarily composed of muscle tissue. Three primary types of muscle tissue: Three primary types of muscle tissue: Striated - skeletal, voluntary Striated - skeletal, voluntary Cardiac - intercalated discs, involuntary Cardiac - intercalated discs, involuntary Smooth – peristalsis, involuntary Smooth – peristalsis, involuntary

Skeletal Muscle

Smooth Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Organs are made up of many layers of different tissues

Serosa, Sub Mucosa, Mucosa and Muscularis

Body Plan Size and shape of the body depends on how the animal interacts with its environment. Size and shape of the body depends on how the animal interacts with its environment. All cells must be bathed in an aqueous environment for nutrient and gas exchange. All cells must be bathed in an aqueous environment for nutrient and gas exchange. Amoebas have a large surface area relative to their volume. Amoebas have a large surface area relative to their volume. Tape worms are flat. Tape worms are flat. Hydra are gastric sacs exposed to water on all sides. Hydra are gastric sacs exposed to water on all sides. Multicellular organisms have complex folds with small tightly packed cells that are bathed in interstitial fluid. Multicellular organisms have complex folds with small tightly packed cells that are bathed in interstitial fluid.

Fusiform shape conducive for swimming fast

Body plan of Amoeba and Hydra

Small Intestine

Regulating the Internal Environment Homeostasis maintained through positive and negative feedback systems. Homeostasis maintained through positive and negative feedback systems. Receptor Control center Effector Receptor Control center Effector Receptor senses stimuli Receptor senses stimuli Control Center processes and directs a command to the effector. Control Center processes and directs a command to the effector. Effector carries out the response. Effector carries out the response.

Bioenergetics Metabolic Rate – Amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time. Metabolic Rate – Amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time. Measured in Kilocalories or Calories. Measured in Kilocalories or Calories. Can be measured by: Can be measured by: Amount of heat given off Amount of heat given off O 2 consumption O 2 consumption CO 2 emission. CO 2 emission. Endotherms need more energy to maintain basic metabolic functions than ectotherms Endotherms need more energy to maintain basic metabolic functions than ectotherms

Basal Metabolic Rate – minimal amount of energy needed to maintain cellular functions for an endotherm under no stress. Basal Metabolic Rate – minimal amount of energy needed to maintain cellular functions for an endotherm under no stress. Standard Metabolic Rate - minimal amount of energy needed to maintain cellular functions for an ectotherm under no stress. Standard Metabolic Rate - minimal amount of energy needed to maintain cellular functions for an ectotherm under no stress. Amount of energy to maintain each gram of body weight is inversely proportional to body size. Amount of energy to maintain each gram of body weight is inversely proportional to body size. Due to greater surface to volume ratio in smaller animals. Due to greater surface to volume ratio in smaller animals. Dissipate heat much more rapidly. Dissipate heat much more rapidly.

Ghost Crab on a Treadmill