PBL (The Jigsaw Approach) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zaitun Abu Bakar Universiti Malaya

What is PBL? Problem-based learning is a pedagogical strategy for posing significant, contextualized, real world situations, and providing resources, guidance, and instruction to learners as they develop content knowledge and problem-solving skills. (Mayo et al )

History of PBL 1960’s in medical schools in Canada and America spread across to other disciplines such as; schools of architecture, business, law, engineering, forestry, police science, social work, education and computer science.

Characteristics of PBL Context-based using real-life situations Focuses on thinking skills – problem-solving, analysis, decision making, critical thinking Requires integration of inter-disciplinary knowledge/skills/behaviors Self-directed and develops life-long learning skills Shared in small groups

Why PBL? Increased technology and Social complexity Rapid explosion of knowledge TODAY’S WORLD

Why PBL? - Tomorrow’s graduates Self-directed and life-long learning skills Problem-solving / analytical and critical thinking skills Integration of inter-disciplinary knowledge/skills Teamwork and interpersonal skills

PBL Jigsaw Approach Early exposure and student-centered Emphasis is not on problem solving but –Generation of hypothesis and learning issues –Sharing of learning burdens –Guidance by an academic staff

2 Diverging Emphases WHAT the student learns how the student learns Traditional Curriculum

Restoring the Balance WHAT the student learns HOW the student learns PBL Curriculum

How to THINK What you should be doing at the University particularly is to learn HOW TO THINK…… Peter Doherty

Advantages of Jigsaw PBL Emphasis on Meaning, Not Facts Increased Self Direction Higher Comprehension and Better Skill Development Interpersonal Skills and Teamwork Self-Motivated Attitude Facilitator-Student Relationship Level of Learning

The learning pyramid Lecture Reading Audiovisual Demonstration Discussion group Practice by doing Average Retention rate 5% 10% 20% Teach others 30% 50% 75% 80% National Training Lab., Bethel, Maine, USA

Self-directed learning Structured learning events Jigsaw PBL Activity Cycle Situation revisited Learning stimulus A ‘real-life’ situation Requiring a response

Jigsaw PBL in a tutorial group A tutorial group is a collection of individuals who meet, exchange ideas and information, and work together on a shared objective or task. It consists of: A tutor/fascilitator 4-6 learners (a discussion leader)

Jigsaw PBL Process In each session: –Warm up –Discussion - Initial Stage - Expert Stage - Jigsaw Stage –Evaluation- Report - Presentation

Steps in Jigsaw PBL 1.Read the problem together in Initial Group 2.Brainstorm on the problems 3.Identify and prioritize issues 4.Get initial ideas on each of the problem 5.Break into the Expert Group

Steps in Jigsaw PBL 6.In the expert group, you discuss the same problem which you have assigned to. 7.From the discussion, you will get a bigger transparent picture of your problem. 8.Go back to your initial group whereby now it is called Jigsaw Group 9.Use the discussion materials from the Expert Group and share with the Jigsaw Group. 10.Listen to all problems, compile and summarize

Working on a new Problem HypothesesInformation Learning IssuesAction Plan Brain-Syntheses List of whatThings that Stormingof info. Needs to beneed to be About:obtained learned indone in order Causation,through order toto complete Effect hypotheses complete thethe problem and/orguided problem tasktask Resolutioninquiry

Give someone a fish you feed him for a day; Teach him how to fish and you feed him a lifetime.