WILDLIFE RADIOTELEMETRY AND REMOTE MONITORING Joshua J. Millspaugh, Dylan C. Kesler, Roland W. Kays, Robert A. Gitzen, John H. Schulz, Christopher T. Rota, Catherine M. Bodinof, Jerrold L. Belant, and Barbara J. Keller
Introduction Radiotelemetry provides novel information about animal locations and demographics Biologists should be aware of the most appropriate tools for remote monitoring of wildlife We consider many issues from design to equipment
Sampling Considerations and Study Objectives Sampling considerations are critical ► ► Biologist assumes data are representative ► ► Proper sampling maximizes quality of study Study objectives ► ► Identify target population and time period of interest ► ► Prioritize biological parameters and comparisons of interest ► ► Quantitative precision goals
Selecting Animals Minimize bias when selecting animals ► ► Individuals vary widely in their ability to be captured ► ► How do we realistically address? ► ► Avoid obvious biases Number of animals and number of locations ► ► Based on quantitative criteria, not a guesstimate and not what we can afford ► ► Difficult to do ► ► Some general recommendations such as locations per animal (Seaman et al. 1999) depending on objectives
Data Collection and Management Scheduling telemetry data collection ► ► Related to time frame of interest ► ► Benefits of systematic schedule Data Management ► ► Often overlooked, but shouldn’t be ► ► Need better data sharing
Addressing Sources of Bias Effects of transmitters ► ► One of the most important considerations ► ► Often not evaluated, but should be ► ► Ethical obligation Location error ► ► Inaccurate and missing observations ► ► Many factors affect error
Equipment Considerations Common considerations ► ► Which tag to use ► ► How to attached ► ► Data collection system ► ► Examples
Equipment for Mammals Mammals ► ► Collars
Equipment for Birds Birds ► ► Implants ► ► Harness
Equipment for Amphibians and Reptiles Reptiles and amphibians ► ► Implants ► ► External attachment
VHF Telemetry Systems
Triangulation VHF and triangulation
Global Tracking (GPS and PTT) Telemetry Systems
Sensors Many sensors ► ► Mortality switch ► ► Accelerometer ► ► Body temperature ► ► Heart rate ► ► Video
SUMMARY ► ► Radiotelemetry powerful tool ► ► Sampling considerations are critical to project success ► ► Need clear objectives ► ► Use transmitter and attachment method that minimizes impacts to study species ► ► Several equipment options including VHF, GPS, PTT, among others ► ► Many useful sensors available ► ► Biologists should consult others, the literature and manufacturer to assess what works