Table of Contents The Plant Kingdom Photosynthesis and Light Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetails

What Is a Plant? - The Plant Kingdom Nearly all plants are autotrophs, organisms that produce their own food. All plants are eukaryotes that contain many cells. In addition, all plant cells are surrounded by cell walls.

Plant Cell Structure Activity - The Plant Kingdom Plant Cell Structure Activity Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about plant cell structure.

Complex Life Cycles - The Plant Kingdom Plants have complex life cycles that include two different stages: the sporophyte stage and the gametophyte stage.

- The Plant Kingdom Water Loss in Plants The graph shows how much water a certain plant loses during the hours shown.

Water Loss in Plants - The Plant Kingdom Reading Graphs: What variable is plotted along each axis? Horizontal axis–time of day; vertical axis–water loss.

Water Loss in Plants - The Plant Kingdom Interpreting Data: According to the graph, during what part of the day did the plant lose the most water? The least water? Most–midday; least–in the evening.

Water Loss in Plants - The Plant Kingdom Drawing Conclusions: What could account for the pattern of water loss shown? The plant seemed to lose the most water during the sunniest or warmest parts of the day.

Water Loss in Plants - The Plant Kingdom Predicting: How would you expect the graph to look from 10 p.m. to 8 a.m.? Explain your reasoning. The line graph would descend during the night and then rise again in the morning hours, because the water loss is less during the night when there is no sun.

Building Vocabulary - The Plant Kingdom A definition states the meaning of a word or phrase by telling about its most important feature or function. After you read the section, reread the paragraphs that contain definitions of Key Terms. Use all the information you have learned to write a definition of each Key Term in your own words. Key Terms: Examples: nonvascular plant vascular plant chlorophyll Key Terms: Examples: sporophyte gametophyte Key Terms: Examples: cuticle vascular tissue fertilization zygote Key Terms: Examples: photosynthesis Plants that lack a well-developed system of tubes for transporting water and other materials are known as nonvascular plants. Sunlight provides the energy for this food-making process, called photosynthesis. In the sporophyte stage, the plant produces spores, tiny cells that can grow into new organisms. One adaptation that helps a plant reduce water loss is a waxy, waterproof layer called the cuticle, which covers the leaves of most plants. tissue No matter how large or small a plant is, its cells are organized into tissues—groups of similar cells that perform a specific function in an organism. In the gametophyte stage, the plant produces two kinds of sex cells: sperm cells and egg cells. Vascular tissue is a system of tubelike structures inside a plant through which water, minerals, and food move. Plants with true vascular tissue are called vascular plants. chloroplast Chloroplasts, which look something like green jelly beans, are the structures in which food is made. Biologists studied a green pigment called chlorophyll, found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria. Fertilization occurs when a sperm cell unites with an egg cell. vacuole A vacuole is a large storage sac that can expand and shrink like a balloon. A fertilized egg is called a zygote.

End of Section: The Plant Kingdom

The Photosynthesis Process - Photosynthesis and Light The Photosynthesis Process In photosynthesis, the energy in sunlight is used to make sugar and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water.

The Photosynthesis Process Activity - Photosynthesis and Light The Photosynthesis Process Activity Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about the photosynthesis process.

Previewing Visuals - Photosynthesis and Light Preview Figure 9. Then write three questions that you have about the diagram in a graphic organizer like the one below. As you read, answer your questions. Water Vascular System Q. How is sunlight involved in photosynthesis? A. The energy in sunlight is used to make sugar. Q. Why does a plant need sugar? A. The plant uses energy from the sugar to carry out life functions. Q. How does the plant use the water its roots take in? A. Water molecules combine with carbon dioxide to form sugar and oxygen during photosynthesis

Click the Video button to watch a movie about photosynthesis. - Photosynthesis and Light Photosynthesis Click the Video button to watch a movie about photosynthesis.

End of Section: Photosynthesis and Light

Mosses - Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts A moss gametophyte is low-growing and has structures that look like roots, stems, and leaves. The stalklike sporophyte generation remains attached to the gametophyte.

Identifying Main Ideas - Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts Identifying Main Ideas As you read this section, write the main idea–the biggest or most important idea–in a graphic organizer like the one below. Then write three supporting details that give examples of the main idea. Main Idea Nonvascular plants include… Detail Detail Detail Mosses Liverworts Hornworts

Links on Nonvascular Plants - Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts Links on Nonvascular Plants Click the SciLinks button for links on nonvascular plants.

End of Section: Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts

Characteristics of Seedless Vascular Plants - Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetails Characteristics of Seedless Vascular Plants Ferns, club mosses, and horsetails share two characteristics. They have true vascular tissue and they do not produce seeds. Instead of seeds, these plants reproduce by releasing spores.

Ferns - Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetails Most ferns have underground stems in addition to roots. The leaves, or fronds, grow above ground.

Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetails Asking Questions Before you read, preview the red headings. In a graphic organizer like the one below, ask a what, how, or where question for each heading. As you read, write the answers to your questions. Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetails Question Answer What are the characteristics of seedless vascular plants? Seedless vascular plants have vascular tissue; they do not produce seeds; they reproduce by releasing spores. How do ferns reproduce? Ferns reproduce by spores that form on the underside of their fronds. How do club mosses differ from true mosses? Club mosses have vascular tissue.

End of Section: Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetails

Graphic Organizer Characteristic Moss Fern Size Small and low Can be tall Environment Moist Moist Rootlike, stemlike, leaflike structures True roots, stems, and leaves Body parts Familiar generation Gametophyte Sporophyte Is true vascular tissue present? No Yes

End of Section: Graphic Organizer