EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen December 2010 Norman Green (NIVA) Chemicals and Water workshop EEA, Copenhagen Levels in Marine Waters Norman Green, Birger Bjerkeng (NIVA/ETCw) Policy Methods Results

EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen December 2010 Norman Green (NIVA) EIONET data – marine sediment and biota Considerations: Contaminants – persistent, bioaccumulates and toxic, also endocrine disrupting, carcinogenic and injury to reproductive systemContaminants – persistent, bioaccumulates and toxic, also endocrine disrupting, carcinogenic and injury to reproductive system Data availability – spatial and temporal [little or no data from water column] from conventions and member statesData availability – spatial and temporal [little or no data from water column] from conventions and member states Sediment – surficial, deposition/erosion areasSediment – surficial, deposition/erosion areas Organisms of relevance – widespread, abundant, seafood, indicators exposureOrganisms of relevance – widespread, abundant, seafood, indicators exposure

EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen December 2010 Norman Green (NIVA) Some policy principles: Precautionary principle based implementation (WFD introduction §11 and 44; MSFD introduction §27 and 44; EQSD introduction §2) Precautionary principle based implementation (WFD introduction §11 and 44; MSFD introduction §27 and 44; EQSD introduction §2) Selection of contaminants: Selection of contaminants: – To a large degree based on characteristics of persistence, accumulation in biota or toxicity (so called ”PBT” characteristics, EU category I); – To a lesser degree on carcinogenic or mutagenic characteristics or risk to reproduction system (so called ”CMR” characteristics, EU category II); – But also suseptable long range transportation (LRT), and; – Discharges of a large and constant nature but that breakdown quickly The list over relevant substances is re-evaluated regularly and can be expanded (e.g. EQSD Annex III) The list over relevant substances is re-evaluated regularly and can be expanded (e.g. EQSD Annex III)

EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen December 2010 Norman Green (NIVA) Concerns rivers, lakes, heavily modified water bodies (HMWB), coastal waters including territorial waters. 33 Priority Substances or groups of substances (PS) includes chemical status: Priority Hazardous Substances (PHS)  to be phased out by other Priority Substances  progressive reduction 8 other substances or groups of substances with EQS 12 other substances which are to be considered included as Priority Substances by 2011 and assessed under ecological status ( EQSD Annex III) Short term goal: obtain Good Status by 2015 Long term goal: cessation or phasing-out of discharges, emissions and losses, with the ultimate aim of achieving concentrations in the marine environment near background values for naturally occurring substances and close to zero for man-made synthetic substances EQSD substances

EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen December 2010 Norman Green (NIVA) 15 Biocides 4 PAHs 3 Solvents 4 Heavy metals 2 Precursors 2 Surfactants 2 Flame retardants 1 Plasticiser 33 Priority substances TBT ”Other” substances (8) Annex III substances (12)

EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen December 2010 Norman Green (NIVA) EQSD and EQS Earlier, EQS concerned only substances in water phase Earlier, EQS concerned only substances in water phase EQSD sets some EQS for biota and opens for alternative use of sediment and biota (2008/105/EC Art. 3) : EQSD sets some EQS for biota and opens for alternative use of sediment and biota (2008/105/EC Art. 3) : – EQS defined for Hg, HCBD, HCB in ”prey tissue” – NB: EQS vs Klif Cl. I (ppb v.v.): Hg = 20 ”prey tissue” vs 40 blue mussell and 100 cod muscle – NB: EQS vs Klif Cl. I (ppb v.v.): HCB = 10 ”prey tissue” vs 0.1 blue mussell and 20 cod muscle – EQS for other matrices/substances but must provide the same level of protection as EQS for water – Annual monitoring unless technical knowledge and expert judgement justify another interval – Provide reasons and basis for alternative approach Must at least ensure that there is no significant increase in levels or classification (2000/60/EC Art. 4WFD 8 e.g. art. 4 and 7) and MFSD (art. 14), and implied in the EQSD (art. 3). This is one of the strongest arguments for maintaining long time series.) Must at least ensure that there is no significant increase in levels or classification (2000/60/EC Art. 4WFD 8 e.g. art. 4 and 7) and MFSD (art. 14), and implied in the EQSD (art. 3). This is one of the strongest arguments for maintaining long time series.)

EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen December 2010 Norman Green (NIVA) EEA’s CSI040 indicator Hazardous Substances in Marine Organisms Methodology (I) Only biota data are currently used in the indicator –Values converted to preferred basis (wet, dry., lipid) (may lead to loss of data) –Each time series (Determinand*Tissue*Station) is aggregated to median concentration per year –Further analysis is done on log-transformed values, results back-transformed to concentrations

EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen December 2010 Norman Green (NIVA) CSI040 Indicator –methodology (II) For each time series (Station*Tissue*Determinand): For each time series (Station*Tissue*Determinand): –Trend assessment by regression of log-transformed medians on year If all medians are well-defined: If all medians are well-defined: ≥7 years: Smooth curve by local weighted regression (LOESS, 7 year window, minimum 3 points)  Dominant trend last 10 years (5 % sign. level) 3-6 years: linear regression ≥4 years: Mann-Kendall trend ≥4 years: Mann-Kendall trend (modified to handle low-high range medians) (modified to handle low-high range medians) Combining trend results (5 % significance level) Combining trend results (5 % significance level) Classification as: Up / Down / Not significant / Not applicable Classification as: Up / Down / Not significant / Not applicable

EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen December 2010 Norman Green (NIVA)

EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen December 2010 Norman Green (NIVA) CSI040 Indicator –methodology (III) –Chemical status assessed for each time series by current levels: ≥2 years:Regression fit for last year ≥2 years:Regression fit for last year 2 years:Average of median values 2 years:Average of median values 1 year:No classification 1 year:No classification Upper 95 % confidence limit for the estimate compared with low/high classification levels; three classes: Green<Low Yellowwithin Low – High range Red>High PCBs: combined assessment (consistent trend, next worst classification)

EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen December 2010 Norman Green (NIVA) CSI040 Indicator –methodology (IV) For each main region: For each main region: –Tally of time series for each determinand and as sums across determinands according to Time trend assessment: Time trend assessment: –Up –Down –Not significant (NS) –Not applicable (NA) too short time series) Current level classification: Current level classification: –Green –Yellow –Red –Significant dominant trend direction in each level class and total over all level classes Option: overall tally across regions and determinands Option: overall tally across regions and determinands

EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen December 2010 Norman Green (NIVA) EIONET data: Biota data PCB also used in assessment, listed as substance subject to review

EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen December 2010 Norman Green (NIVA) Possible additional matches between WFD list and EIONET data

EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen December 2010 Norman Green (NIVA) CSI040 – Organisms and contaminants data count

EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen December 2010 Norman Green (NIVA) CSI040 – Regions and countries data count

EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen December 2010 Norman Green (NIVA) CSI040 final summary of results

EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen December 2010 Norman Green (NIVA) CSI040 Hazardous substances in marine organisms - aggregated maps prepared by EEA,

EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen December 2010 Norman Green (NIVA) CSI040 – Low and High limits example: cadmium Name and tissue Latin nameLow/ High µg/kg.basisReferenceComment CADMIUM MusselsMytilus sp. 1 Low960DOSPAR 2008BAC limit MusselsMytilus sp.High5000DEU 2006Foodstuffs limit for "bivalve molluscs", Regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006, conversion assuming 20% wet weight (cf. OSPAR CEMP assessment manual 2008, Table 2.1) Atlantic cod, liver Gadus morhua Low26WOSPAR 2008BAC limit Atlantic cod, liver Gadus morhua High1000WEU 2006Foodstuffs limit for "bivalve molluscs", Regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006 Herring, muscle Clupea harengus Low26WOSPAR 2008BAC limit Herring, muscle Clupea harengus High1000WEU 2006Foodstuffs limit for "bivalve molluscs", Regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006

EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen December 2010 Norman Green (NIVA) SoE classification vs. WFD EQS Need for harmonisation of SoE assessment and EQS levels (classification limits and selection of test values) Italicised values are approx. conversions: Wet:dry 5:1 Lipid:wet 40:100

EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen December 2010 Norman Green (NIVA) Sediment data –Broader geographical coverage Iceland, Ireland, United Kingdom, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Estonia, Lithuania, (Latvia), Poland, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, France, Portugal, Italy, Malta, Croatia, Greece, Romania, Turkey, Iceland, Ireland, United Kingdom, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Estonia, Lithuania, (Latvia), Poland, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, France, Portugal, Italy, Malta, Croatia, Greece, Romania, Turkey, –Longer time span Many series back to at least 1990 Many series back to at least 1990 Probably sufficient for assessment in some subregions

EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen December 2010 Norman Green (NIVA) Loads to northeastern Atlantic

EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen December 2010 Norman Green (NIVA) Loads to northeastern Atlantic example: cadmium Large change since last submissionData gap Data available but not shown

EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen December 2010 Norman Green (NIVA) Hazardous substances – gaps in knowledge Main gaps in knowledge, need for: Better estimates of pathways, fate, levels, trends and effects Better estimates of pathways, fate, levels, trends and effects Better understanding of multiple exposure to HS Better understanding of multiple exposure to HS Better comprehension of the role of climate change Better comprehension of the role of climate change Need for consistent and reliable monitoring Need for consistent and reliable monitoring Need for local knowledge to interpret changes Need for local knowledge to interpret changes Need for remedial action plans and controls Need for remedial action plans and controls CSI 040 HS in marine organisms, example: lead