Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Functional neuroanatomy Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory States ‘of mind’ (and body) Adaptation/plasticity Language; visual processing; mental imagery How our brains integrate types of information to develop concepts; how previous experience affects processing of new information

What are we doing with our brains at this moment? (The student’s brain) Feeling your chair Squirming (moving) Watching Listening Remembering Paying attention Sleeping Feeling anxious Feeling hungry What happens when you ask a question? Learning

5 types of cortical tissue

Localization of function in the nervous system: Functional networks 5 major brain systems subserving cognition and behavior Left perisylvian language network Parieto-frontal network for spatial attention Occipitotemporal network for object/face recognition Medial temporal/limbic network for learning & memory Prefrontal network for attention & comportment

Knowledge: The convergence of language, perception, and memory Language & naming Visual systems & category-specific processing Imagery/sensory memory CJ Price, J Anat 2000

Knowledge: The convergence of language, perception, and memory Language & naming Visual systems & category-specific processing Imagery/sensory memory CJ Price, J Anat 2000

Lesion studies of the language network: The major nodes CJ Price, J Anat 2000 Broca’s (production) Wernicke’s (comprehension)

Lesion studies of the language network: Disconnection syndromes CJ Price, J Anat 2000 Alexia without agraphia Geschwind N & Kaplan E, Neurology, 1962

Functional neuroimaging of the language network CJ Price, J Anat 2000 One to many, many to one CJ Price, J Anat 2002

Language function: Using neuroimaging to test hypotheses CJ Price, J Anat 2000 CJ Price, J Anat 2002

What’s in a name? A means to access specific types of knowledge CJ Price, J Anat 2000

What’s in a name? A means to access specific types of knowledge Elephant CJ Price, J Anat 2000

Linguistic access to specific types of knowledge Damasio H, Nature 1996

Knowledge: The convergence of language, perception, and memory Language & naming Visual systems & category-specific processing Imagery/sensory memory CJ Price, J Anat 2000

Visual processing: Two pathways Dorsal (Occipito-parietal): Object & object feature recognition Disorders: visual object agnosia prosopagnosia achromatopsia Ventral (Occipito-temporal): Visual recognition of spatial location Disorders: optic ataxia, ocular apraxia, simultanagnosia (Balint’s); constructional apraxia, akinotopsia

Visual processing streams: Confirmation of hypotheses using neuroimaging Ungerleider LG, PNAS 1998

Visual processing: Attention influences which stream is used Ungerleider LG, PNAS 1998

Visual object recognition: Lesion studies Agnosias may be specific to certain categories of information

Visual object recognition: Distinct but overlapping functional areas Haxby JV, Science 2001

Visual object recognition: Faces & places Kanwisher N, Science, 2006

Visual object recognition: Faces Tsao

Knowledge: The convergence of language, perception, and memory Language & naming Visual systems & category-specific processing Imagery/sensory memory CJ Price, J Anat 2000

Visual perception & imagery Ganis G, Cog Brain Res 2004

Auditory imagery Kosslyn SM, Nat Rev Nsci 2001

Motor imagery Kosslyn SM, Nat Rev Nsci 2001

Naming vs. recognition: Networks for conceptual knowledge CJ Price, J Anat 2000 Name this animal and tell me what you know about it

Naming vs. recognition: Networks for conceptual knowledge CJ Price, J Anat 2000 Name this person and tell me what you know about him

Naming vs. recognition: Networks for conceptual knowledge Object-specific naming deficits Object-specific recognition deficits CJ Price, J Anat 2000 Damasio H, Cognition 2004

Encoding & recall of category-specific information Faces: Fusiform gyrus Places: Parahippocampal gyrus Encoding of category-specific information activates relevant areas of cortex Polyn SM et al., Science, 2005

Encoding & recall of category-specific information Reactivation of category-specific areas occurs prior to verbal recall Polyn SM et al., Science, 2005

Plasticity in heteromodal cortical regions: The basis for learning

Recovery of language function after stroke: Mapping plasticity in the human brain 1 month after stroke CJ Price, J Anat 2000 1 year after stroke Plasticity: Many levels of scale in both time & space Fernandez B, Stroke 2004

Attention, arousal, awareness Focused attention & visuospatial attention Arousal Coma Persistent vegetative state Sleep Conscious awareness

Attention

Attention: Trinodal cortical network Hypothesized from patients & animals with lesions Mesulam MM, Phil Trans R Soc London, 1999

Attention: Trinodal cortical network Confirmed with functional neuroimaging (fMRI & PET) Gitelman DR et al., Ann Neurol 1996;39:174-9 Gitelman DR et al., Brain 1999;122:1093-1106

Attention Mesulam MM, Phil Trans R Soc London, 1999

State vs channel functions States Sleep/arousal Needs (e.g., hunger) Mood Channels

The limbic system directs heteromodal cortex toward relevant information LaBar KS, Behavioral Neuroscience 2001

Neurotransmitter systems

Neurotransmitter systems Genetic variations in neurotransmitter substrates Enzymes, receptors, etc (e.g., Weinberger DR) Pharmacologic fMRI e.g., dopaminergic modulation of attention PET imaging of receptors & enzymes

Sleep/Anatomy ARAS & thalamus

Sleep/EEG

Sleep/EEG

Conscious awareness: Default mode Raichle M, et al.,

Conscious awareness: Persistent vegetative state Owen A, et al., Science, 2006

What are we doing with our brains at this moment? (The student’s brain) Feeling your chair Squirming (moving) Watching Listening Remembering Paying attention Sleeping Feeling anxious Feeling hungry What happens when you ask a question? Learning