Gender characteristics, whether biologically or socially influenced, by which people define male and female.

Gender Role I'm Glad I'm a Boy-- A set of expected behaviours for males and females List some of the “normal” gender roles. What gender role is she breaking?

Gender Identity one’s own sense of being male or female. realized through gender-typing : acquiring the traditional masculine or feminine roles

Gender Typing Theories

Social Learning Theory Lets use Sammy as an example.

Social Learning Theory Baseball. Sammy imitates my behavior. I reward Sammy. Sammy’s Mom puts on makeup. I punish Sammy Sammy copies her.

Gender Schema Theory Schema: a concept or framework of how we organize information. Develop schemas for gender. See the world through the lens of your gender schemas. Boy’s don’t do this, that’s for girls. Yeah, that’s cool!!!! I want to do that.

Genes: Our Biological Blueprint Chromosomes threadlike structures made of DNA that contain the genes DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes has two strands-forming a “double helix”--held together by bonds between pairs of nucleotides

Genes: Our Biological Blueprint biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein Genome the complete instructions for making an organism consisting of all the genetic material in its chromosomes

Evolutionary Psychology Natural Selection the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations Mutations random errors in gene replication that lead to a change in the sequence of nucleotides the source of all genetic diversity

Evolutionary Psychology the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using the principles of natural selection Gender in psychology, the characteristics, whether biologically or socially influenced, by which people define male and female

Behavior Genetics The study of the power and limitations of genes on who we are.

Twin Studies Identical Twins – same egg, same genes Fraternal Twins – different egg, different genes

Which of the following pairs is likely to be the most similar? Fraternal Twins (Together) Identical Twins (Apart) Fraternal Twins (Apart) Identical Twins (Together) Why?

Twin Studies: The Results Twins, (especially identical) whether or not they are raised in the same environment are very much alike in many ways.

Behavior Genetics Temperament Heritability a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity Heritability the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied

Behavior Genetics Interaction the dependence of the effect of one factor (such as environment) on another factor (such as heredity)

Environmental Influence Experience affects brain development Impoverished environment Rat brain cell Enriched

Environmental Influence A trained brain

Environmental Influence Culture the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next Norm an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior

Environmental Influence Personal Space the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies Memes self-replicating ideas, fashions, and innovations passed from person to person