Prologue – The Nature of Science Text Pages 1-11

Objective 1Question ? Acknowledge contributions to science by various cultures How did the advent of the printing press affect the growth of science?

Brief History of Advances in Science 4 th and 3 rd centuries BC – Greece made great advances in science that spread through the Mediterranean world 5 th century AD - Scientific advance came to a dramatic halt in Europe when the Roman Empire fell Reason gave way to religion which ushered in the Dark Ages During this time, the Chinese and Polynesians were charting the stars and the planets

Brief History of Advances in Science 10 th, 11 th, and 12 th centuries – Greek science was reintroduced to Europe by Islamic influences in Spain 13 th, and 14 th centuries – Universities emerged and the introduction of gunpowder changed the social and political structure in Europe 15 th century – Art and science were blended by Leonardo da Vinci 16 th century – advent of the printing press

Brief History of Advances in Science 16 th century – Polish astronomer Copernicus said the sun (not the earth) is the center of the universe and Galileo was arrested for his scientific notions 1800’s: Geologists propose theories for creation of the universe Theories of evolution are proposed **Society often condemns forward-thinking scientists because people want to hold on to their preconceived ideas

Class Assignment Get onto your working groups Using your chromebooks, research information on the history of science, noting dates and accomplishments (include at least 10 dates/accomplishments spread over a long period of time) Then go to a timeline creator website, for example: meline_2/ meline_2/ Make a timeline of scientific advances, using the information you found – include the date, short description and long description for each, and add pictures, videos and songs if you like. Save your timeline because your group will present it at our next class meeting!

Closure Think of at least five important scientific advancements Describe how your life would be different if they hadn’t been made

Homework Read Prologue in textbook (pages 1-11), taking Cornell notes Write definitions of science terms in your ISNB Answer both reading check questions and exercises in your ISNB

Objective 2Question ? List the steps in the scientific method and cite other methods that advance science What else besides the common scientific method advances science?

Scientific Method Principles and procedures for the systematic pursuit of knowledge involving: the recognition and formulation of a problem the collection of data through observation and experimentation the formulation and testing of hypotheses

Scientific Method 1. Observe – closely observe the physical world around you. Recognize a question such as an unexplained observation. 2. Question – make an educated guess – hypothesis – to answer the question. 3. Predict – predict consequences that can be observed if the hypothesis is correct. The consequences should be absent if the hypothesis is not correct! 4. Test predictions – do experiments to see if the consequences you predicted are present. 5. Draw a conclusion – formulate the simplest general rule that organizes the hypothesis, predicted effects, and experimental findings.

Scientific Method - Example 1. Observe – I have a type of plant in my garden that does not grow well even though it gets enough water and sun. 2. Question – I believe that the plant is getting too much sun and needs less direct sunlight. 3. Predict – If I am correct, this type of plant will grow better in indirect sun. 4. Test predictions – I could plant some of these plants in direct sun and some in indirect sun and measure their growth. 5. Draw a conclusion – If the plants grow better in indirect sun, my hypothesis was correct. If not, I have to come up with another hypothesis!

Scientific Method Progress in science can also come from: Trial and error Experimentation without a hypothesis Accidental discovery

Class Assignment Complete the following: “Cell Phone Use and cancer: A Case Study to Explore the Scientific Method” 1. Part I - read the case study together 2. Get onto your working groups 3. Answer the questions at the bottom of Part I 4. Part II (journal groups) – I will hand out articles on phone use and cancer - each person in a group must read at least one article - then answer the questions together. 5. Part III (scientific article) – Read the epidemiology research paper “Mobile Phone Use and the Risk of Acoustic Neuroma” and then answer the questions together.

Closure Think of and describe a simple example of how you could use the scientific method to solve a problem in your life (use all of the steps).

Homework Watch the video at the following link Take Cornell notes on the video in your ISNB Scientific Method Video

Objective 3Question ? Describe how honest inquiry affects the formulation of facts, laws, and theories Why does falsifying information discredit a scientist but not people in other occupations?

Science Terms Fact – a phenomenon about which competent observers who have made a series of observations are in agreement Hypothesis – An educated guess; a reasonable explanation of an observation or experimental result that is not fully accepted as factual until tested over and over by experimentation Law (principle) – A general hypothesis or statement about the relationship of natural quantities that has been tested over and over and has not be contradicted Theory – A synthesis of a large body of information that encompasses well-tested and verified hypotheses about certain aspects of the natural world.

The Scientific Attitude Science is always evolving and hypotheses may need to be changed (Aristotle and Galileo) Scientists must accept their findings even if it is not what they hoped to find More important than defending beliefs is improving them In science it is more important to have a means of proving an idea wrong than to have a means of proving it right

Science and Technology Science – the gathering and organizing of knowledge Technology – the use of knowledge for practical purposes which provides the tools scientists need to conduct their investigations Technology – can be both useful and harmful (burning of fossil fuels); it is a tool and what we do with it is up to us! Risk assessment – weighing the benefits of technology with the risks Aspirin Sewage Radioactive wastes

Class Assignment Complete the following: “How a Cancer trial Ended in Betrayal” 1. Part I - read the case study together 2. Get onto your working groups 3. Answer the questions at the bottom of Part I 4. Part II – In your groups, read and discuss the different roles involved in clinical trials 5. Part III – the class will be broken into 3 groups to complete their tasks as described in the case study: a. the scientist group b. the clinician group c. the Peugeot-Snyder group

Closure Think of an example of technology used today and describe how it can be both useful and harmful.

Homework Access my Scientific Method PowerPoint on my website Read through the slides on the scientific method Take Cornell notes in your ISNB