Proton Driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration – AWAKE – Project

Outline Introduction Plasma Wakefield Acceleration Mandate of the AWAKE project AWAKE Project Structure and Organization AWAKE Project Studies E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

Why In recent years several Laser or Electron-driven Plasma Wakefield experiments: E.g. SLAC (2007) 50GV/m over 0.8m with electron-driven PWA  some electrons doubled energy from 42GeV to 80GeV Advantage of proton driven plasma wakefield acceleration: high stored energy available in the driver. Existing proton bunches carry many kJ of stored energy (high power lasers carry 1-5 J) Reduces drastically the number of required driver stages.  Proof-of principle demonstration experiment proposed at SPS: first beam-driven wakefield acceleration experiment in Europe, and the first Proton-Driven PWA experiment worldwide. E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

Introduction Letter of Intent: positive review in SPSC October 2011 Research Board December 2011:  submit Conceptual Design Report during following year June 2012: Official CERN AWAKE project (including project-budget) with mandate sent by S. Myers to DHs. CERN project leader (E.G.)  organize CERN efforts to produce parts of CDR under CERN responsibility CDR includes detailed budget, CERN manpower and schedule plans for design, construction, installation and commissioning. Deliverables: End 2012:  preliminary report summarizing the ongoing study to the A&T sector Management Q1 2013:  Conceptual Design Report to the A&T sector Management. AWAKE collaboration: 25 institutes E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

Principle of Plasma Wakefield Acceleration I + - Ez Drive beam  Produce an accelerator with mm (or less) scale ‘cavities’ Space charge of drive beam displaces plasma electrons. Plasma ions exert restoring force. np Plasma electrons oscillate with: Plasma wavelength: e.g. for typical plasma density of np = 1015cm-3  lp =1mm Ez,max = Nprotons/bunch sz (rms bunch length) Maximal axial electric field: With plasma wavelength of 1mmalso drive beam rms length of 1mm E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

Principle of Plasma Wakefield Acceleration II SPS beam: rms length of ~12cm But strong self-modulation effect of proton beam due to transverse wakefield in plasma Starts from any perturbation and grows exponentially until fully modulated. Ultra-short bunch slices are naturally produced with a spacing of plasma wavelength lp. p-beam density profile after 4.8m propagation in plasma. Seeding of bunch modulation with laser:  Ionization of Plasma  Produce start of bunch-modulation in a controlled way Figure 1: On-axis proton beam density profile after 4:8 m propagation in a plasma. is the distance along the bunch in units of c=!p. The beam density is given in units of the plasma density, here taken as 1 1014 cm􀀀3. Intense short laser pulse co-propagates with proton bunch.  plasma get ionized at fixed position.  generates large perturbation and seeds modulation. laser pulse proton bunch gas Plasma E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

Principle of Plasma Wakefield Acceleration III Inject electron beam to accelerate Electron bunch injected off-axis at an angle and some metres downstream along the plasma-cell:  merges with the proton bunch once the modulation is developed. Longitudinal electric field generated in plasma as function of propagation distance.  100-1000MV/m. Figure 1: On-axis proton beam density profile after 4:8 m propagation in a plasma. is the distance along the bunch in units of c=!p. The beam density is given in units of the plasma density, here taken as 1 1014 cm􀀀3.  Particle-in-cell simulations predict acceleration of injected electrons to beyond 1 GeV. E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

Experimental Layout e- Plasma-cell Proton beam dump Laser dump RF gun Laser dump OTR Streak camera CTR EO diagnostic e- spectrometer e- SPS protons ~3m 10m 15m? 20m 10m? 10m E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

Beam Specifications Proton beam specifications Electron beam specifications Parameter Nominal Beam Energy 450 GeV Bunch intensity 3×1011 p Number of bunches 1 Repetition rate 0.03 Hz Transverse norm. emittance 3.3-3.5 mm Transverse beam size (at b*=5m) 0.2 mm Bunch length 12 cm Energy in bunch 21 kJ Number of run-periods/year 4 Length of run-period 2 weeks Total number of beam shots/year (100% efficiency) 162000 Total number of protons/year 4.86×1016 p Parameter Value Beam Energy 5 or 10 or 20 MeV Bunch intensity 108 electrons Bunch length 0.165mm<l<1mm Repetition rate 0.03 Hz Transverse norm. emittance < 25 mm mrad Transverse beam size (at beta*=?m) ?? Angle(mrad) ~5-20 mrad Laser: 30fs, 800nm, ~TW. R & D facility:  frequent access to plasma cell, laser, etc… needed. E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

Mandate of CERN AWAKE Project Identify the best site for installation of the facility on the SPS by carrying out a study covering: The design of the proton beam-line from the SPS to the entry point of the plasma cell, to meet the required parameters. The design of the downstream beam-line from the plasma cell to the beam dump. The design the common beam-line for the proton, electron and laser light beam at the entry into the plasma cell. Specification of the parameters for these incoming beams. The design of the experimental area (envelope) considering layout optimization of all components in the area. The study of access possibilities and assess radiation and safety aspects. The study of the general infrastructures (Civil Engineering, Access, CV, EL, transport, handling, control). The physics program that could be carried out on each site. The comparison of the cost and of the schedule of the alternative sites. Based on the study, recommend a site for the facility and deliver the chapters, covering the beam line, the experimental area and all interfaces and services at CERN, in the conceptual design report (CDR) of the AWAKE CERN facility. The CDR should include the points mentioned in the section above plus the following information: Specification of the baseline beam parameters to be used for the design. Predictions of measurable quantities in the diagnostic instrumentation. Specification of diagnostic instrumentation in the experimental area. Design and interface with the electron beam up to the plasma cell. Study all interfaces between the different systems (plasma cell, electron beam, proton beam, laser…) Evaluation of time scale and costs of all items at a level needed for the CDR. Evaluate dismantling feasibility and cost. E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

AWAKE Project Structure AWAKE Collaboration Spokesperson: Allen Caldwell Deputy: Matthew Wing Experiment Coordinator Patric Muggli Simulation/Theory Coordinator Konstantin Lotov Accelerator & Infrastructure Coordinator Edda Gschwendtner (CERN Project leader) TASKS Metal Vapor Plasma Cell Erdem Öz, MPP Simulations Konstantin Lotov Beam-Lines Chiara Bracco Helicon Plasma Cell Olaf Grülke, IPP Experimental Area Edda Gschwendtner Pulsed Discharge Plasma Cell Nelson Lopes, IST Lisbon Radiation Protection Helmut Vincke Electron Spectrometer Simon Jolly, UCL Optical Diagnostics Peter Norreys, CLF, RAL (tbc) Electron Source Tim Noakes, ASTeC E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

CERN AWAKE Project Structure A& T sector management: Engineering, Beams, Technology Departments CERN AWAKE Project Project leader: Edda Gschwendtner Deputy: Chiara Bracco Injectors and Experimental Facilities Committee (IEFC) WP1: Project Management Edda Gschwendtner WP2: SPS beam Elena Chapochnikova WP3: Primary beam-lines Chiara Bracco WP4: Experimental Area Edda Gschwendtner Radiation Protection: Helmut Vincke Civil Engineering: John Osborne General Safety and Environment: Andre Jorge Henriques General Services: CV, EL, access, storage, handling E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

WP1: Project Management E.G. Specification and engineering documents (EDMS) Project cost and schedule Resource planning and scheduling with groups and departments Quality control, documentation and final acceptance Safety file and safety officer WP2: SPS beam Elena Chapochnikova Specifications for RF bunch compression studies Specifications for bunch compression requirements Interface to SPS beam E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

WP3 Primary beam-lines Chiara Bracco EDMS: Collection of geometrical, beam parameters, optical requirements and constraints Design of beam-line geometry and optics Specification of main, correction and switch magnet parameters, associated powering parameters, beam instrumentation Design of interface of different beam-lines (merging magnets, fast shutter, laser, etc…) Definition of vacuum chamber aperture, pumping and sectorisation required. Specification of magnet and pickup support and alignment structures Specification of requirements for cabling, cooling&ventilation, interlock system, control& alarm, doors, access. Integration studies Technical coordination of studies, construction, installation and commissioning of all systems Transport and handling needs, installation logistics, storage studies Definition of naming convention, commissioning strategy ECRs as required (for changes in TT60) Planning for design, construction, assembly, test and commissioning Dose rate and activation studies RP monitoring system Radioactive waste study and preferred material checks Decommissioning impact/cost studies Safety, including safety folders EDMS: E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

WP4 Experimental Area E.G. EDMS: Conceptual design of secondary beam-lines Specification of secondary beam instrumentation Specifications of shielding, dumps (with RP) Specification of interaction region p/e/laser/cell Layout and Integration studies Specification of infrastructure needs Layout of shielding Layout of beam dump(s) Interface with laser Specification of requirements for cabling, cooling & ventilation Specification for interlock system, control& alarm, doors, access. Storage studies Integration studies Transport and handling needs, installation logistics Coordination of installation Definition of naming convention, commissioning strategy ECRs as required Technical coordination of studies, construction, installation and commissioning of all systems Planning for design, construction, assembly, test and commissioning Dose rate and activation studies RP monitoring system Radioactive waste study and preferred material checks Decommissioning impact/cost studies Safety, including safety folders EDMS: E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

CERN AWAKE Project Organization  INDICO: https://indico.cern.ch/categoryDisplay.py?categId=4278  Weekly (Project mgt team)  monthly  bi-weekly (Collaboration board) Each work-packages organizes their corresponding meeting. Depending on issues, people are invited to CERN project team meeting Work-package meetings  To be setup by WP leader, starts now!  EDMS: https://edms.cern.ch/nav/P:CERN-0000094988:V0/P:CERN-0000094988:V0 E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

Milestones 18-19 October 2012 (Collaboration Mtg @ CERN): End 2012: West Area: Proton beam-line design Layout of experimental area First studies on CNGS End 2012: Submission of a preliminary report summarizing the ongoing study to the A&T sector Management by December 2012  comparison of different sites Q1 2013: Submission of the Conceptual Design Report to the A&T sector Management.  including detailed budget, CERN manpower and schedule plans for design, construction, installation and commissioning. E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

Facility Site I: West Area 1.) In LoI proposal to use West Area TT61/TT4/TT5 as experimental area. E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

Facility Site II: CNGS 2.) Alternative experimental area (underground): CNGS  decision on continuation of CNGS not yet taken  start with West Area studies. hadron absorber E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

West Area TT5 TT4 TT61 183 AWAKE Beam from TCC6 - SPS E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

West Area TT5 TT4 E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

West Area Beam from TT61 TT4 E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

West Area TT4 Beam from TT61 E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

West Area TT4 Beam from TT61 E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

West Area TT5 Beam from TT61 E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

West Area Integration Studies Ans Pardons, Sylvain Girod EN/MEF TT61 TT4 TT5 Beam from TCC6 - SPS AWAKE 183 Integration of AWAKE equipment in experimental area in TT4. The beam dump is at the end of TT5. a c b Plasma cell f g RF gun k i e h d j ~70m TT5 dump E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

Beam Impact on Dump  Muon Dose Estimates I Helmut Vincke DGS/RP West hall CERN fence Make sure that radiation levels from muons are below RP criteria: Optimization criteria: dose rate at end of West hall must be below 100 mSv/year and at CERN fence below 10 mSv/year Distance between beam impact point and end of West hall: ~300 m Distance between beam impact point to CERN fence: ~600 m E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

Beam Impact on Dump  Muon Dose Estimates II Helmut Vincke DGS/RP Several simulations were performed to check the muon dose estimates (for 1/30Hz and 3E13 p/shot). Plasma cell dump Proton beam In case the beam is bent by 2 degrees towards the soil and the beam impacts the dump 2m below the surface both dose rates outside the West hall and outside the CERN territory fulfill the optimization criteria. Muon Dose from beam dump is manageable. West hall CERN fence dump 600m 300m Plasma cell BUT: dose from beam-losses must be further studied! As a consequence of these first studies:  Build a trench in TT4/TT5! E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

Studies on Proton Beam Line Design Top view Chiara Bracco TE/ABT Laser Side view p+ beam MBA QD MBA MBA Floor QF QD QF Plasma cell MBB Preliminary design!! Dump Beam bent by 2° Studies on Proton Beam Line Design E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

West Area Civil-engineering studies: John Osborne, Antoine Kosmicki, GS-SE E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

Facility Site II: CNGS 2.) Alternative experimental area (underground): CNGS  decision on continuation of CNGS not yet taken  start with West Area studies. hadron absorber 100m extraction together with LHC, 620m long arc to bend towards Gran Sasso, 120m long focusing section E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

CNGS Layout Access Gallery TSG41 Storage gallery TSG40 Target Junction chamber / TCC4 Proton beam line TT41 Horn TSG41 TCV4 Storage gallery TSG40 TSG4 tap can be removed TSG41 tap can be moved inside TCV4 – TSG41 TSG4 - racks Access Gallery TSG41 (120 m) Proton beam line TT41 Junction chamber TCC4 Target chamber TSG4 E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

CNGS Proton beam-line E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

CNGS Junction chamber TCC4 E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

West Area vs CNGS To be studied! West Area CNGS Proton beam line To be done Most of it exists Prompt dose issues (muon dose, beam dump) To be improved/built civil engineering! OK, under control Size of experimental area Seems OK Small, needs to be enlarged?! Access flexibility Experimental area nearby Long access to experimental area … To be studied! E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

Collaboration time-scale Plasma-Cell: Dec 2013 Demonstrate at least one technology for a plasma length 5m with 1015 cm-3 , uniformity better than 2%, define baseline choice(s) Demonstrate seeding in experimental tests, define baseline Dec 2014 Demonstrate 1% uniformity and complete operational plasma cell(s) Aug 2015 Beam to plasma-cell in experimental facility E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

Summary Awaken the AWAKE project!! CERN AWAKE project started in June 2012  official project, with mandate and project budget  Many studies needed to deliver a CDR in Q1 2013 Expertise in many different domains Start now Awaken the AWAKE project!! E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

Additional slides E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

Ingredients Plasma Cell Metal vapor, a la SLAC experiment: Max Planck Institute for Physics Laser: Plasma ionization Seeding the proton-bunch modulation  30fs, 800nm, ~TW E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

Ingredients Electron beam: ~10 MeV Electron bunch Proton bunch Electron beam: ~10 MeV Electron bunch injected off-axis at an angle and some metres downstream:  merges with the proton bunch once the modulation is developed. Diagnostics: Proton beam diagnostics: study modulation process as bunch passes through plasma. Proton bunch longitudinal profile Electron beam diagnostics: study acceleration from 10MeV/c to up to 2000MeV/c  Electron spectrometer E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

CERN AWAKE Project Structure Project leader: Edda Gschwendtner WP1: Project Management Edda Gschwendtner WP2: SPS beam Elena Chapochnikova RF Issues WP3: Primary beam-lines Chiara Bracco Warm magnets (proton and electron beam) Power converters Vacuum Beam instrumentation Radioprotection Civil Engineering Electrical distribution and cabling Cooling and ventilation Transport Integration Design office Control Planning Beam transfer WP4: Experimental Area Edda Gschwendtner Secondary beam line Secondary beam diagnostics Spectrometer Interface p/e/laser plasma cell Beam dump Radioprotection Civil engineering Electrical distribution and cabling Cooling and ventilation Transport Layout & Integration Control Planning Design office Radiation Protection: Helmut Vincke General Safety and Environment: Andre Jorge Henriques E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

WP3 Primary beam-lines Composition of WG3: Beam transfer EDMS Structure: Beam transfer Warm magnets (proton and electron beam) Power converters Vacuum Beam instrumentation Radioprotection Civil Engineering Electrical distribution and cabling Cooling and ventilation Transport Integration Design office Control Storage Planning E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

WP4 Experimental Area Composition of WG4: EDMS Structure: Interface p/e/laser with plasma cell Secondary beam line Secondary beam diagnostics Electron spectrometer Beam dump Shielding Laser Radioprotection Civil engineering Electrical distribution and cabling Cooling and ventilation Transport and handling needs Layout & Integration Control Planning Storage Design office E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

First Studies on Proton Beam Line Design Chiara Bracco TE/ABT Beam bent by 2° As a consequence of these first studies:  Build a trench in TT4/TT5! E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

CNGS Primary Beam Line 100m extraction together with LHC, 620m long arc to bend towards Gran Sasso, 120m long focusing section Magnet System: 73 MBG Dipoles 1.7 T nominal field at 400 GeV/c 20 Quadrupole Magnets Nominal gradient 40 T/m 12 Corrector Magnets Beam Instrumentation: 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs) recuperated from LEP Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in air mechanically coupled to target 8 Beam profile monitors Optical transition radiation monitors: 75 mm carbon or 12 mm titanium screens 2 Beam current transformers 18 Beam Loss monitors SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

Side view Target E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012