Department of Social Development and Employment Organization of American States Introduction to the Caribbean Reality: Policy and Development Julie Nurse Specialist Department of Social Development and Employment (DDSE) “Network-Based Capacity Building on Social Protection Strategies for the Caribbean”

Department of Social Development and Employment Organization of American States Planning Meeting for Puente Program in the Caribbean Department of Social Development and Employment

Organization of American States Comparative Country Profiles CountryPopulationArea (sq. km) Development Indicators GDP Per Capita (USD) HIV/AIDSEthnic Groups Jamaica2, 660, 70010, 991HDI: Rank: #104 Poverty: 14.8% 4,1631.2%Black: 90.9% E. Indian: 1.3% Mixed: 7.3% White: 0.2% Chinese: 0.2% Other: 0.1% Trinidad & Tobago 1, 300, #57 Poverty: 24% 8,0003.2%E. Indian: 40% Black: 37.5% Mixed: 20.5% Other: 1.2% Unspecified: 0.8% St. Lucia164, HDI0.790 Rank: #71 Poverty: 28.8% 5,520Just under 1 %Black: 90% Mixed: 6% E. Indian: 3% White: 1% Chile16.1 million756, 950HDI Rank: #38 Poverty: 18.2% 10, % ( )5 White & white- Amerindian: 95% Amerindian: 3% Other: 2%

Department of Social Development and Employment Organization of American States Common Developmental Challenges and Risks in the Caribbean Poverty Crime Vulnerability to natural disasters Vulnerability to Macroeconomic Shocks Increased prevalence of HIV/AIDS Unemployment External Migration Growth of informal sector

Department of Social Development and Employment Organization of American States Groups at Risk The poor Children (street children in Trinidad and Tobago and Jamaica; victims of incest) Youth Persons with Disabilities Persons living with HIV/AIDS The elderly Rural Dwellers Women, particularly single mothers Displaced Farmers (St. Lucia and to a less extent, Jamaica)

Department of Social Development and Employment Organization of American States Macroeconomic Shocks High exposure and vulnerability to global economic forces due to: –Small, open economies embedded in global markets (oil, bananas) –High level of imports: food import bill, other necessities –Export of goods and services whose prices are externally- determined, they are primarily price-takers (agricultural products, tourism) – Impact of global policies and trading arrangements

Department of Social Development and Employment Organization of American States Poverty A major problem for all three countries Primarily affects: women, children, the youth, elderly and rural areas Rural poverty: in St. Lucia the severity of poverty varies from 1.8 in Castries (capital city) to 9.6 in Anse La Raye /Canaries, a rural fishing village Trinidad and Tobago 2004: Unemployment among males:6.4 and 11.2% among females Growth in informal sector as a means of coping with poverty. Reduction of poverty in Jamaica has been attributed largely to growth in informal sector

Department of Social Development and Employment Organization of American States Crime High rates of violent crime in all three countries: –St. Lucia: homicide accounts for 26.8% of all external (unnatural) causes of death Drug Trafficking and abuse…transnational networks Gang violence particularly in Jamaica, also rising in St. Lucia. Culture associated with gang violence in Jamaica: effects on family/children, schools/ underground economy Increased incidence of kidnapping in Trinidad and Tobago

Department of Social Development and Employment Organization of American States Natural Disasters Relatively small size and location makes the countries particularly vulnerable to: –Hurricanes and storms - Floods –Earthquakes- Volcanoes The poor have been worst affected by natural disasters due to: –Location of houses in unsafe areas such as coastlines and steep slopes (squatting) –Poor and unstable housing structures –Rural Occupations: fishing and agriculture –Lack of insurance

Department of Social Development and Employment Organization of American States HIV/AIDS High prevalence rate in the Caribbean, second only to Sub-Saharan Africa –Jamaica: 1.2% –Trinidad and Tobago: 3.2% –St. Lucia: just under 1% Most vulnerable: children/youth and women –2005 Second Caribbean Summit on Children and HIV/AIDS, T&T Factors which compound the problem: –Culture of intolerance/fear leading to significant under-reporting –Accepted culture of multiple partners and risky behavior –Activities of migrant farm workers, bus drivers, commercial sex workers and tourist-related workers

Department of Social Development and Employment Organization of American States Migration Historically, important strategy in coping with unemployment and poverty from region to USA, UK, Canada Implications: –Economic: brain drain; nurses, farmers, teachers, university graduates –Family: dynamics; children in the care of elderly grandparents, relatives and neighbors; school performance and delinquency –Deportation of criminals and illegal migrants: impact on crime, family, employment –Remittances: Jamaica as highest per capita recipient in LAC and recipients are 3.6% less likely to participate in labor force.

Department of Social Development and Employment Organization of American States General Review of Social Protection Strategies in Caribbean Failure of demand driven approach to reach communities with low Social Capital (poor networks) while others enjoy benefits from multiple sources Lack of coherence of project–based interventions and various policies Skills training does not always guarantee employment Programs are generally weak on the risk prevention side; heavy focus on mitigation and coping strategies

Department of Social Development and Employment Organization of American States General Review of Social Protection Strategies in Caribbean Institutional weaknesses which limit effective implementation of programs Limited (private and social) insurance, which does not focus adequately on the vulnerable groups Poor targeting, resulting in leakages of services and resources to non-vulnerable/ non-poor groups.

Department of Social Development and Employment Organization of American States Challenges in Effecting Technical Transfer from Chile to Caribbean Cultural, linguistic, socioeconomic differences Programmatic integration and coherence Difference in scale: country size and extent of poverty: –Chile : 225,000 families or about persons –Jamaica: 393, 784 individuals –Trinidad and Tobago: individuals –St. Lucia:47,475 individuals The effectiveness of a family-based approach to community- based, or national problems: e.g. limited supply of public goods, unemployment?

Department of Social Development and Employment Organization of American States More Challenges Majority of interventions in the countries are community focused or targeted at specific individuals; family-based programs are few (St. Lucia) and/or disintegrated (Trinidad and Tobago). What are the requirements and implications of a shift from demand- driven to targeted, supply-side approach Finding appropriate strategies to address specific problems of rural and urban poverty The effectiveness of local government structures varies among the countries…particularly weak in St. Lucia Transferability and applicability of current Puente Pillars…need for Caribbean-specific pillars e.g. natural disaster???

Department of Social Development and Employment Organization of American States On The Brighter Side In spite of the challenges, there are critical strengths/resources to be drawn upon: Commitment of the Caribbean countries Technical expertise of Chile FOSIS team DSDE’s experience in executing technical transfers Value-added from academic input of UWI General recognition by Caribbean of need for program harmonization Legacy of Puente