Microbiology Exam Study Guide Answers

1) What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic? Prokaryotic does not have a nucleus or other organelles. Bacteria are prokaryotic. Eukaryotic has a nucleus and organelles. Plant, animals, and protist are eukaryotic.

2) What 4 things do ALL cells have in common? Cell membrane Cytoplasm DNA Ribosomes

3) What are the characteristics of the organisms in each kingdom? Examples PLANT Multicellular Makes own food Tree Grass ANIMAL Heterotrophs Eukaryotes Humans Earthworms jellyfish PROTISTA Unicellular or multicellular Ameoba Paramecium Euglena Volvox

3)What are the characteristics of the organisms in each kingdom? Example FUNGI Multicellular Eukaryotes Get energy by absorbing other materials Molds Mushrooms Yeast (one cell) ARCHAEA Unicellular Prokaryotes Live in extreme conditions Bacteria BACTERIA Only bacteria

4) What are the products and reactants of photosynthesis? Reactants (ingredients) Carbon dioxide Water Sunlight or energy Products Oxygen Glucose

5) What are the products and reactants of respiration? Reactants (ingredients) Oxygen Glucose Products Carbon Dioxide Water Energy or ATP

6) And 7) Where do they take place? Respiration Mitochondria Photosynthesis In producers or autotrophs Chloroplast

8) What organelle does mitosis take place? Nucleus

9) What is the difference between mitosis and meiosos Meiosis 2 Identical Cells 4 unidentical cells 46 chromosomes 23 chromosomes 1 round of division 2 rounds of division Somatic (body) cells Sex Cells

10) What is the difference between osmosis and diffusion? Diffusion is the transfer of materials across or through the cell membrane. Osmosis is the transfer of water through the cell membrane.

11) What is the difference between viruses and bacteria? Not Living Cannot treat with antibiotics Smallest microbe Not a cell Living Treat with antibiotics Larger than virus Prokaryotic cell DNA Microbe Pathogen

12) What are the different ways organisms in the Kingdom Protists move? Flagella- whip or tail like Cilia- hair like Psuedopod- false feet

13) Describe differences between amoeba, paramecium, Eulgena, and Volvox. See notebook and the chart copied from Coach page 293 Amoeba- pseudopod Paramecium-cilia, oral groove Euglenia- flagella, eyespot, both autotroph and heterotroph Volvox- flagella, autotroph, live in colonies

14) What is the difference between a pathogen and a vector? A pathogen is a microbe that causes the diseases. A vector is an organisms that carries and spreads the microbe.

15) What is an example of an infectious disease 15) What is an example of an infectious disease? A non infectious disease? Infectious- anything spread by viruses and bacteria. Examples: cold, flu, chicken pox, STD’s, Ebola Non infectious- allergies, asthma, diabetes, and cancer.

16) What are some examples of vectors and what diseases are carried by vectors? Ticks- Lyme Disease, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Mosquitoes- Malaria, West Nile Fever, Yellow Fever Animals- Rabies Humans- STD’s, cold, flu

17) What are some concerns with the overuse of antibiotics and hand sanitizers? Kills all bacteria both good and bad. Bacteria mutate and multiply quickly and can become resistant to antibiotics.

18) What are examples of diseases caused by virus? Bacteria? Virus Bacteria Protist AIDS Antrax *Dysentery (amoeba) Chicken Pox B. Meningitis *Malaria (mosquitoes) Cold Leprosy Ebola *Lyme Disease (ticks) Influenza(flu) Strep throat Polio Tuberculosis *Rabies (wild animals) Hepatitis Small Pox Measles *Spread by a vector *West Nile (mosquitoes) *Yellow Fever (mosquitoes)

19) What organisms are prokaryotic? All bacteria, which includes the Kingdoms of Archeabacteria and Eubacteria.

20)What is a microbe? An organism that can only be seen with a microscope. Examples include bacteria, viruses, and protist. Some of them can cause disease and are considered germs.

21) How do hand sanitizers differ from antibiotics? Hand sanitizers kill bacteria and germs on the surface. Antibiotics kill bacteria inside the body.

22) What is the difference between a host and a parasite? A parasite needs a host in order to survive. Usually a parasite will cause harm to the host.

23) What are some things that contribute to cancer? Smoking, exposure to chemicals and toxins, UV radiation (sun), radiation, diet, heredity, asbestos

24) What are the 3 shapes of bacteria? Bacteria three basic shapes: A. sphere-shaped bacteria- cocci B. rod-shaped - bacilli C. spiral-shaped bacteria- sprilla.

25) How does bacteria reproduce? Bacteria reproduce very rapidly. Bacteria doubles as it reproduces. Example: If bacteria reproduces every 2 minutes, how many bacteria will there be after 14 minutes? Time # of Bacteria 0 1 2 2 4 4 6 8 8 16 10 32 12 64 14 128

26) Why are viruses not considered living things? They are not cells. They need a host cell in order to reproduce. 27) What is a mutagen? Anything that caused a change in the DNA in a cell.

28) Bacteria multiplies every 5 minutes, how long until 256 bacteria? Time # of Bacteria 0 1 5 2 10 4 15 8 20 16 25 32 30 64 35 128 40 256

29) What is an example of an antibiotic? Penicillin and amoxcillin

30) What is an epidemic? What is a pandemic? Epidemic- disease that spreads over a wide geographic area. Pandemic is an epidemic that spreads worldwide.

31) Why is a cell membrane considered semipermeable? Because if acts like a window screen and allows certain things to come in and out while keeping other things out of the cell.

32) What is the difference between unicellular and multicellular Unicellular- just one cell Multicellular- many cells

33) What are some ways diseases are spread? Direct contact with an infected organism. Water (dysentery) Air (coughing, sneezing) Sexual contact Vectors (mosquitoes, ticks, wild animals) 34) What are some ways to prevent the spread of diseases? Avoid contact with someone sick/quarantine Control or eliminate vectors Immunization/vaccination Washing hands Good sanitation and hygiene