Mr. Cappello Sir Robert Borden High School November 10, 2010

 Three Part Principle: 1.The Law is Necessary to govern society 2.The Law applies equally to everyone 3.People are not governed by arbitrary power ◦ Case examples from class:  Kroger, DUI  The fifth estate: The Wrong Man. George Dangerfield, Crown Prosecutor.

 4 Characteristics of Justice: ◦ 1. Treat like cases alike, treat different cases different (the rule of precedent) ◦ 2. We consider a law unjust if it discriminates n unjust characteristics (Case study, The fifth estate, Air Security) ◦ 3. Justice Should be impartial, that is, the law should be applied regardless of a person’s position or financial status (Class discussion, the homeless and access to justice, social services) ◦ 4. We expect the law to be just in that it conforms to society’s values and beliefs (Class discussion, insight safe injection sites)

 Sociology: Science of society, social institutions, and social relationships, and specifically the systematic study of the development, structure, interaction, and collective behaviour of organized human groups. It emerged at the end of the 19th century through the work of Émile Durkheim in France, Max Weber and Georg Simmel in Germany, and Robert E. Park and Albion Small in the U.S. Sociologists use observational techniques, surveys and interviews, statistical analysis, controlled experiments, and other methods to study subjects such as the family, ethnic relations, schooling, social status and class, bureaucracy, religious movements, deviance, the elderly, and social change.

 Anthropology The scientific study of the origin, the behavior, and the physical, social, and cultural development of humans.  Psychology: Scientific discipline that studies mental processes and behaviour in humans and other animals. Literally meaning "the study of the mind," psychology focuses on both individual and group behaviour. Clinical psychology is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. Other specialized fields of psychology include child psychology, educational psychology, sports psychology, social psychology, and comparative psychology. The issues studied by psychologists cover a wide spectrum, including learning, cognition, intelligence, motivation, emotion, perception, personality, and the extent to which individual differences are shaped by genetics or environment. The methods used in psychological research include observation, interviews, psychological testing, laboratory experimentation, and statistical analysis.

 Criminology: Scientific study of nonlegal aspects of crime, including its causes and prevention. Criminology originated in the 18th century when social reformers began to question the use of punishment for retribution rather than deterrence and reform. In the 19th century, scientific methods began to be applied to the study of crime. Today criminologists commonly use statistics, case histories, official records, and sociological field methods to study criminals and criminal activity, including the rates and kinds of crime within geographic areas. Their findings are used by lawyers, judges, probation officers, law-enforcement and prison officials, legislators, and scholars to better understand criminals and the effects of treatment and prevention.

 Victimology: Victimology is the scientific study of victimization, including the relationships between victims and offenders, the interactions between victims and the criminal justice system — that is, the police and courts, and corrections officials — and the connections between victims and other social groups and institutions, such as the media, businesses, and social movements. Victimology is however not restricted to the study of victims of crime alone but may cater to other forms of human rights violations that are not necessarily crime.

An Overview of Investigating 1. Defining an Investigation 2. Practices to follow during an Investigation 3. Art or Science? Types of Investigations 1. Criminal-Non criminal 2. Reactive- Proactive 3. Overt-Covert The Investigating Questions 1. Patterns, Leads, Tips, and Theories Please see the wiki for intro to investigations!

Defining an Investigation "to examine and inquire into something systematically and thoroughly" The word investigate can be traced back to the Latin word investigare, meaning "to search into.” Investigare is based on another Latin word, vestigare, meaning "to track or to trace."

 Both! Investigating is a science because there are certain rules that should be followed to conduct a successful investigation. Pure sciences and applied sciences play an increasingly important role in the investigating process. Investigating is an art because it depends on the human skills of the investigator, including interpersonal communication and creativity.

Practices to follow during an Investigation  A logical sequence must be followed  Real, physical evidence must be legally obtained  Real, physical evidence must be properly stored and preserved.  Witnesses must be identified, interviewed, and prepared for any potential or actual litigation  Leads must be developed.  Reports and documentation must be collected  Information must be accurately and completely recorded.  Evidence collected must correlate to the claim cause of action, or offence charged

 Criminal vs. Non Criminal Criminal: jurisdiction of police/government agencies. Non-criminal investigations: involve the investigation of non-criminal incidents or events. Non-criminal investigations may be conducted by the public, police or private investigators. The main difference between non-criminal investigations by the public, police and by private investigators is that police investigations are funded by the government, whereas private investigations are paid for by individual clients or businesses.

Reactive vs. Proactive, Overt vs. Covert  Reactive investigation is one that is instigated on the basis of a complaint registered by a victim or client. For example, a person is the victim of a robbery and reports this robbery to the police-the police then conduct a reactive investigation.  2 Types of reactive: The preliminary investigation and the follow-up or latent investigation. The preliminary investigation is the initial inquiry into a reported crime and is generally conducted by a uniformed patrol officer.

5 tasks during the preliminary reactive investigation by a patrol officer: 1) Conducts a preliminary search of the area of crime: to determine if the suspect is still present; 2) Renders first aid to any injured parties, 3) Detains, separates, and interviews any possible suspects or witnesses; 4) Restricts access to the area where the crime was committed to prevent the destruction of evidence. 5) Prepares the first written report of the crime, which is generally called an incident or complaint report.

Proactive investigations are investigations conducted by the police based on their own initiative. The proactive investigation is:  Designed to catch a criminal in the act of committing a crime, rather than waiting until a citizen reports a crime. The three main types of proactive investigations are: 1.Decoy operations 2.Repeat offender programs 3.Undercover drug operations

 An overt investigation is one that is conducted openly-investigators do not try to hide their true identity or hide the fact that they are conducting the investigation. Most reactive investigations are overt.  A covert investigation, on the other hand, is conducted in secret-the investigator tries to hide his identity and the fact that he is conducting an investigation. Generally proactive investigations are covert.  Covert investigations are more commonly called undercover investigations.

 A pattern is a series of similarities that may link particular cases or indicate that the same person is committing a series of crimes.  Leads are clues or pieces of information that aid in the progress of an investigation. Leads can be physical evidence or information received by witnesses or other persons or through surveillances, undercover investigations, and record searches. A lead is anything that can assist an investigator in resolving an investigation.

 Tips are leads provided by citizens that aid in the progress of an investigation. Generally tips involve the identity of the suspect (eg. Crime Stoppers)  Theories are beliefs regarding the case based on evidence, patterns, leads, tips, and other information developed or uncovered in a case. Theories are important because they direct the investigation. Investigators have to be very careful in building theories about a case, because if the theory is wrong, it may lead them in the wrong direction.

 Date: Tuesday, November 15th  Content: all materials reviewed in this presentation.  A full period will be provided ◦ (approximated test duration of 40 min).  Format: ◦ Part 1: Short answer, ◦ Part 2: Multiple choice, ◦ Part 3: T/F ◦ Part 4: 1 Long answer question (...from a choice of options/case studies)