European religions today Catholic in Southwest/Central Protestant in Northwest Orthodox in East/Southeast Muslim in part of Southeast

Balkans shatterbelt

Ethnic diversity Meeting of Orthodox, Catholics, Muslims Competition between Russian, Ottoman, Austrian spheres “Balkanization”

Austro-Hungarian Empire

Ottoman Empire Losses, 1878

Macedonia claimed by Setbia, Bulgaria, Greece

Muslims as Ottoman Legacy ALBANIANS (Albania, Kosovo, Macedonia) BOSNIANS (Bosniaks: converted Serbo-Croats) SANJAK (Serb.-Mont.) TURKS (Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova) Pécs church in Hungary (former mosque) Turkey

Types of territoriality State Ethnic Religious Fears of Balkanization (splitting state into ethnic or religious parts)

State territoriality (“patriotism”) Place identity based on political unit (Serbian, Croatian) “I am an American.”“I am a Nigerian.” (Civil wars)

NATION Not a state: A cultural group with a territorial identity; stitching together many local identities Over 5,000 ethnic “nations” cannot all become states, yet many are large enough to survive (larger than some states).

Theories of nationhood Primordialism (nation is essential/family, in the “blood”) Instrumentalism (nation is top-down, self-serving project of elites) Constructivism (nation is constructed both by elites and masses)

Basques in Spain/FranceQuébecois in Canada Ethnic territoriality (“nationalism”) Place identity based on ethnicity (Serb, Croat)

Homeland Territorialization of national identity: Past “golden age” Present security Future prosperity/glory

Battle of Kosovo Polje (Blackbird Field), 1389

Battle of Kosovo Polje (Blackbird Field), 1389 Muslim Turks defeat Serbian (and Albanian) Christians under Prince Lazar. Knights’ blood “turns into” red poppies. Sacred site for Serbian nationalism

NATION-STATE State with one nation (none “pure” but some close) Nearly all states multiethnic (more than one nation)

Nation-States and Multiethnic States

National Congruence Desire for state boundaries to match ethnic boundaries ( Greater _________ ) * If majority does not want minority * If minority wants self-determination Boundaries of Albania in different eras

Religious Territoriality States defined by religion Iran Vatican City Israel SaudiArabia VaticanCity

Core group States are constructed around a dominant ethnic, racial or religious group English in U.K. Whites in U.S. Russians in U.S.S.R. & Russia

Majority nationalism Equating “patriotism” with “nationalism” German skinheads attack Turks KKK rally against immigrants, 1925 Hindu mobs attack Indian Muslim neighborhood State usually represents core group, but also needs loyal minorities English attack immigrants

Minority nationalism For “self-determination” Not only secession but autonomy Reaction to majority nationalism? What if minority becomes majority? LithuaniaEast Timor Puerto Rico

Secession Separation from state (independence) Autonomy (self-rule) not offered, or not enough

Irredentism Joining ethnic minority with a country where they are majority, To form Greater________ Germany annexes ethnic German region of Czechoslovakia, 1938

State response to minority: Coercion Ethnocide (forced assimilation) Hungarian sign defaced in Romania. Turks forced to Change names in Bulgaria. Genocide (extermination) Holocaust in Europe (Not only Germany)