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A. ricordii A. distichus perches on fence posts and other sunny surfaces. A. insolitus usually perches on shady branches. A. insolitus A. aliniger A. distichus A. cybotes A. etheridgei A. christophei 3

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Ocean Chthamalus Low tide Experiment Low tide High tide Ocean Balanus realized niche Chthamalus realized niche Chthamalus fundamental niche Results 4

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Beak depth (mm) Beak depth G. fuliginosa G. fuliginosa, allopatric G. fortis, allopatric G. fortis Los Hermanos Daphne Santa María, San Cristóbal Sympatric populations Percentages of individuals in each size class

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. (a) Cryptic coloration Canyon tree frog (b) Aposematic coloration (c) Batesian mimicry: A harmless species mimics a harmful one. (d) Müllerian mimicry: Two unpalatable species mimic each other. Poison dart frog Nonvenomous hawkmoth larva Venomous green parrot snake Cuckoo bee Yellow jacket 6

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(a) Ants (genus Pseudomyrmex) in acacia tree (b) Area cleared by ants around an acacia tree 8

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(a) Salt marsh with Juncus (foreground) (b) With Juncus Without Juncus Number of plant species

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Community 2 B: 5% A: 80%C: 5% D: 10% Community 1 B: 25%A: 25% C: 25% D: 25% DCBA 11

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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Quaternary consumers: carnivores Tertiary consumers: carnivores Secondary consumers: carnivores Primary consumers: herbivores and zooplankton Primary producers: plants and phytoplankton 13

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Smaller toothed whales Sperm whales Baleen whales Crab- eater seals Elephant seals Leopard seals Birds Carnivorous plankton Humans Fishes Squids Krill Phyto- plankton Copepods 14

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Experiment Results Year Number of species present ’64 Without Pisaster (experimental) With Pisaster (control) 5 ’66’65’67’69’68’70’72’71’73 15

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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Number of taxa Index of disturbance intensity (log scale)

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. (a) Soon after fire (b) One year after fire 18

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Spruce stage Alder stage Pioneer stage Dryas stage Alaska Glacier Bay Kilometers

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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Vertebrate species richness (log scale) Potential evapotranspiration (mm/yr) 200 1, ,5002,000 21

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Number of plant species (log scale) Area of island (hectares) (log scale) Results 22

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