Learning Target As a result of this presentation I can: Recognize different ways to summarize information Implement at least one idea that can enhance ELL students’ understanding of summarizing

Summarizing Strategies that enhance students’ ability to synthesize information Students separate important information from extraneous information Students state the information in their own words

Meta-analysis Results for Summarizing & Note Taking Average Effect Size 1.00 Average Percentile Gain 34% Number of Studies 179

Generalizations from the Research Students must delete some information, substitute some information, and keep some information when they summarize. To effectively delete, substitute, and keep information, students must analyze the information at a fairly deep level. Being aware of the explicit structure of information can help students to summarize.

What Students Usually Do Write down everything Write down next to nothing Write way too much Don’t write enough Copy word for word

When We Want Students to Do Strip away the extra verbiage and extraneous examples Focus on the heart of the matter Seek key words and phrases that manage to capture the gist Save the main ideas and crucial details that support them Take succinct but complete notes

What Teachers Need to Do Keep in mind—it’s not easy Hard to learn/hard to teach Model repeatedly Give students practice time

Recommendations for Classroom Practice Use reciprocal teaching with ELL students. Teach students about text patterns and graphic organizers.

Summarizing We naturally summarize familiar situations. Content is not familiar. When working with students, we need to understand that summarizing academic learning doesn’t come automatically. We need to provide and MODEL a variety of approaches for students to use as they develop the skill of summarizing.

Avenues for Summarization Paper/pencil Keyboard Orally Dramatically Artistically Visually Physically Musically In groups Individually Before instruction During instruction After instruction Short, quick checks Elaborate responses Use “Partner A and Partner B” to summarize key learnings from yesterday. Partner A will talk for 1 minute, partner B must remain silent. Then Partner B will talk for one minute while Partner A talks for one minute. Then Partner A can generate questions to which Partner B responds for 30 seconds, and Partner B will ask questions of Partner A for the next 30 seconds.

Summarizing Learning Activities: Magnet Summaries Magnets attract metal Magnet words attract information Buehl: Classroom Strategies for Interactive Learning and WiLearns

Inner or Outer Circle Half of the class will stand in a large circle Other half forms another circle facing the students in the inner circle. Select one circle to remain in position, the other will move Ask a summarization question. Students will have 30 seconds to one minute to discuss the summary question. Instruct the moving circle to move a particular number of people to either the left or the right Ask another summarizing question…

Summarizing Learning Activities: Journalists’ Questions and the GIST Who What When Where Why How 20-Word Summary Gardner, Jones, Gray

Summarizing Learning Activities: Quick Summaries Don’t Look Back 1 Sentence Paraphrase One-Word Summaries Refine and Reduce Jones, Lawwill, Wormeli

Summarizing Strategies “Rule-Based” Strategy Summary Frames Reciprocal Teaching Human Bingo Share One, Get One Taboo Game Word Splash

“Rule-Based” Strategy Delete trivial, unnecessary material Delete redundant material Substitute super ordinate terms for lists Daisies, tulips, and roses become “flowers” Select a topic sentence or invent one if it is missing PRACTICE WITH SAMPLE FROM TEXT!!!!! Marzano, et al: Classroom Instruction that Works, pages 32-33

Summary Frames Designed to highlight important elements of specific patterns commonly found in text Narrative or story Topic-Restriction-Illustration (T-R-I) Definition Argumentation Problem or Solution Conversation Marzano, et al: Classroom Instruction that Works, pages 34-35

Reciprocal Teaching “One of the best researched strategies available to teachers.” Student led discussion: Summarizing Questioning Clarifying Predicting Summarizing – student leader summarizes text; other students add to the summary Questioning – student leader generates questions to ask other students; may look back over text Clarifying – Student leader points out areas of text that need clarification or asks other students to point them out or provide clarification; the group tries to clear up any confusing parts Predicting – student leader asks for predictions about what might happen in the next segmet of the text

Reciprocal Teaching Roles Marzano, et al: Classroom Instruction that Works, pages 42-43

Human Bingo Teacher creates “Bingo” Cards with categories written in the squares Students move around the room getting classmates to answer and “sign” each of their categories Classmates can only sign one spot on each player’s card, but can sign as many cards as they can

Share One, Get One Works as a “brain dump” to break up lectures, review or extend learning experiences Ask students to draw a grid of nine squares In any three squares, students record facts, skills, concepts, etc… from the lesson Then, students move around the room asking classmates to fill in remaining squares with learning not yet recorded

Taboo Game Object of the game – to get someone to say the designated word or phrase without using any of the identified clues Students summarize twice: While making the cards While guessing what the speaker is trying to get them to say Materials Needed: Timer Buzzer Volunteers to play Taboo

Sample Taboo Cards Decimals Feudalism Point Place value Base 10 Whole metric Serf Economic Lord Manor land

Chronological Sequence

Compare/Contrast Pattern

Concept/Definition Pattern

Description Pattern

Episode Pattern

Generalization/Principle Pattern

Your Turn Select a lesson you’ll be teaching. Develop a lesson that will assist students in understanding how to summarize information Share that lesson with a colleague for feedback

Questions and Concerns