1 Chromosomes

2 Prokaryotic Chromosome The DNA of prokaryotes (bacteria) is one, circular chromosome attached to the inside of the cell membrane The DNA of prokaryotes (bacteria) is one, circular chromosome attached to the inside of the cell membrane

3 Eukaryotic Chromosomes All eukaryotic cells store genetic information in chromosomes All eukaryotic cells store genetic information in chromosomes Most eukaryotes have between 10 and 50 chromosomes in their body cells Most eukaryotes have between 10 and 50 chromosomes in their body cells Human body cells have 46 chromosomes or 23 identical pairs Human body cells have 46 chromosomes or 23 identical pairs

4 Eukaryotic Chromosomes Each chromosome is composed of a single, tightly coiled DNA molecule Each chromosome is composed of a single, tightly coiled DNA molecule Chromosomes can’t be seen when cells aren’t dividing and are called chromatin Chromosomes can’t be seen when cells aren’t dividing and are called chromatin

5 Chromosomes in Dividing Cells Duplicated chromosomes are called chromatids & are held together by the centromere Called Sister Chromatids

6 Karyotype A picture of the chromosomes from a human cell arranged in pairs by size A picture of the chromosomes from a human cell arranged in pairs by size First 22 pairs are called autosomes First 22 pairs are called autosomes Last pair are the sex chromosomes Last pair are the sex chromosomes XX female or XY male XX female or XY male

7 Boy or Girl? Y - Chromosome X - Chromosome The Y Chromosome Decides

8 Cell Reproduction

9 Types of Cell Reproduction Asexual reproduction involves a single cell dividing to make 2 new, identical daughter cells Asexual reproduction involves a single cell dividing to make 2 new, identical daughter cells Mitosis & binary fission are examples of asexual reproduction Mitosis & binary fission are examples of asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction involves two cells (egg & sperm) joining to make a new cell (zygote) that is NOT identical to the original cells Sexual reproduction involves two cells (egg & sperm) joining to make a new cell (zygote) that is NOT identical to the original cells Meiosis is an example Meiosis is an example

10 Meiosis Formation of Gametes (Eggs & Sperm)

11 Facts About Meiosis Preceded by interphase which includes chromosome replication Preceded by interphase which includes chromosome replication Two meiotic divisions --- Two meiotic divisions --- Meiosis I and Meiosis II Meiosis I and Meiosis II Original cell is diploid (2n) Four daughter cells produced that are monoploid or haploid (1n) Four daughter cells produced that are monoploid or haploid (1n)

12 Facts About Meiosis Daughter cells contain half the number of chromosomes as the original cell Daughter cells contain half the number of chromosomes as the original cell Produces gametes (eggs & sperm) Produces gametes (eggs & sperm) Occurs in the testes in males (Spermatogenesis) Occurs in the testes in males (Spermatogenesis) Occurs in the ovaries in females (Oogenesis) Occurs in the ovaries in females (Oogenesis)

13 Start with 46 double stranded chromosomes (2n) Start with 46 double stranded chromosomes (2n) After 1 division - 23 double stranded chromosomes After 1 division - 23 double stranded chromosomes After 2nd division - 23 single stranded chromosomes (n) After 2nd division - 23 single stranded chromosomes (n) Occurs in our germ cells that produce gametes Occurs in our germ cells that produce gametes More Meiosis Facts

14 Why Do we Need Meiosis? It is the fundamental basis of sexual reproduction It is the fundamental basis of sexual reproduction Two haploid (1n) gametes are brought together through fertilization to form a diploid (2n) zygote Two haploid (1n) gametes are brought together through fertilization to form a diploid (2n) zygote

15 Fertilization – “Putting it all together” 1n =3 2n = 6

16 Replication of Chromosomes Replication is the process of duplicating a chromosome Replication is the process of duplicating a chromosome Occurs prior to division Occurs prior to division Replicated copies are called sister chromatids Replicated copies are called sister chromatids Held together at centromere Held together at centromere Occurs in Interphase

17 A Replicated Chromosome Homologs Homologs (same genes, different alleles) (same genes, different alleles) Sister Chromatids (same genes, same alleles) Gene X Homologs separate in meiosis I and therefore different alleles separate.

18 Meiosis Forms Haploid Gametes Meiosis must reduce the chromosome number by half Meiosis must reduce the chromosome number by half Fertilization then restores the 2n number Fertilization then restores the 2n number from momfrom dadchild meiosis reduces genetic content too much! The right number!

19 Meiosis: Two Part Cell Division Homologsseparate Sisterchromatidsseparate Diploid Meiosis I Meiosis II Diploid Haploid

20 Meiosis I Nucleus Spindlefibers Nuclearenvelope Early Prophase I (Chromosome number doubled) Late Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I (diploid)

21 Prophase I Early prophase Homologs pair. Homologs pair. Crossing over occurs Crossing over occurs. Late prophase Chromosomes condense. Chromosomes condense. Spindle forms. Spindle forms. Nuclear envelope fragments. Nuclear envelope fragments.

22 Tetrads Form in Prophase I Homologous chromosomes (each with sister chromatids) Homologous chromosomes (each with sister chromatids) Join to form a TETRAD Called Synapsis

23 Crossing-Over Homologous chromosomes in a tetrad cross over each other Homologous chromosomes in a tetrad cross over each other Pieces of chromosomes or genes are exchanged Pieces of chromosomes or genes are exchanged Produces Genetic recombination in the offspring Produces Genetic recombination in the offspring

24 Homologous Chromosomes During Crossing-Over

25 Metaphase I Homologous pairs of chromosomes align along the equator of the cell

26 Anaphase I Homologs separate and move to opposite poles. Sister chromatids remain attached at their centromeres attached at their centromeres.

27 Telophase I Nuclear envelopes reassemble. Spindle disappears. Cytokinesis divides cell into two.

28 Meiosis II Only one homolog of each chromosome is present in the cell Only one homolog of each chromosome is present in the cell. Meiosis II produces gametes with one copy of each chromosome and thus one copy of each gene. Sister chromatids carry identical genetic information. Gene X

29 Meiosis II: Reducing Chromosome Number Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II 4 Identical haploid cells

30 Prophase II Nuclear envelope fragments. Spindle forms.

31 Metaphase II Chromosomes align along equator of cell.

32 Anaphase II Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles. Equator Pole

33 Telophase II Nuclear envelope assembles. Chromosomes decondense. Spindle disappears. Cytokinesis divides cell into two.

34 Results of Meiosis Gametes (egg & sperm) form Four haploid cells with one copy of each chromosome One allele of each gene Different combinations of alleles for different genes along the chromosome

35 Meiosis Animation

36 Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis

37 MitosisMeiosis Number of divisions 12 Number of daughter cells 24 Genetically identical? YesNo Chromosome # Same as parent Half of parent Where Somatic cells Germ cells When Throughout life At sexual maturity Role Growth and repair Sexual reproduction Comparison of Divisions

38 Gametogenesis Oogenesis or Spermatogenesis

39 Spermatogenesis Occurs in the testes Occurs in the testes Two divisions produce 4 spermatids Two divisions produce 4 spermatids Spermatids mature into sperm Spermatids mature into sperm Men produce about 250,000,000 sperm per day Men produce about 250,000,000 sperm per day

40 Spermatogenesis in the Testes Spermatid

41Spermatogenesis

42 Oogenesis Occurs in the ovaries Occurs in the ovaries Two divisions produce 3 polar bodies that die and 1 egg Two divisions produce 3 polar bodies that die and 1 egg Polar bodies die because of unequal division of cytoplasm Polar bodies die because of unequal division of cytoplasm Immature egg called oocyte Immature egg called oocyte Starting at puberty, one oocyte matures into an ovum (egg) every 28 days Starting at puberty, one oocyte matures into an ovum (egg) every 28 days

43 Oogenesis in the Ovaries

44 Oogenesis Oogonium(diploid) Mitosis Primaryoocyte(diploid) Meiosis I Secondaryoocyte(haploid) Meiosis II (if fertilization occurs) First polar body may divide (haploid)Polarbodiesdie Ovum (egg) Second polar body (haploid) a A X X a X A X a X a X Matureegg A X A X

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