The Hysterical Self: Psychology in the Clinic

Jean-Martin Charcot ( ) Inscribed to Freud, on the day Freud left the Salpêtrière Clinico-Anatomic Method

Charcot (profile, far left) at theatrical reading, with writers Emile Zola and Edmond de Goncourt

Photographic Iconography of the Salpêtrière ( )

Charcot’s Four Stages of Grand Hysteria 1.Tonic rigidity: limb contractures that mimicked a typical epileptic fit. 2.Dramatic body movements: contortions, illogical movements; clownism. 3. Passionate Attitudes: expressions of vivid emotional states. 4. State of delirium

Stages of the Hysterical Attack

“AUGUSTINE”

Beginning of the Attack

Tonic Rigidity—Stage 1

Contracture of the Face Stage 1

Stage 2—Clownisms, Illogical Movements “Circular Arch”

Passionate Attitudes Stage 3 “Menace”

Passionate Attitudes Stage 3 “Menace”

Passionate Attitudes Stage 3 “Aural Hallucinations”

Passionate Attitudes: “Loving Supplication”

Passionate Attitudes “Ecstasy”

Passionate Attitudes: Crucifixion

Zones of Hysterical Anesthesia Metalloscopy: Use of Magnets to shift areas of anaesthesia

Artificial Contracture

Catalepsy produced by sound

Charcot and Blanche Wittman

A Case of Traumatic Male Hysteria

Hippolyte Bernheim ( ) Suggestive Therapeutics (1886) head of the Nancy School

Pierre Janet ( ) Dissociation— Traumatic event and accompanying memories split off from consciousness Imperative Suggestion— suggestion that these memories didn’t exist

Janet’s Somnabulisms Monoideic—dominated by one idea, usually a transient episode. Polyideic--complex states or ideas; called fugue states, could involve a loss of identity for extended period. Recriprocal or Dominating Somnabulism (double personalities)—relatively permanent transition into another state; memory impaired across these states

Reciprocal Somnambulism Lady MacNish/Mary Reynolds

Alfred Binet ( ) On Double Consciousness (1890) Alterations of the Personality (1896)

Examples of Automatic Writing with an anesthetic hand Binet (1890 and 1896)

Insensible Arm—hearing a Metronome Sensible arm Insensible arm while subject counted to five Sensible Arm Subject held dynamometer, connected to a recording cylinder. Binet (1896, p. 201)

Sigmund Freud ( ) “…it still strikes me as strange that the case histories I write should read like short stories and that, one might say, they lack the serious stamp of science.” Studies on Hysteria

Freud’s Neuropathological Training At the University of Vienna (Medicine.1873) At the Institute of physiology in Vienna, headed by Ernst Brücke (1876) In the neuro-anatomical laboratory of Theodor Meynert ( ) at Vienna General Hospital

Freud’s 1877 publication on the function of the large Reissner cells in the spinal cord of primitive fish Petromyzon, assigned to him by Professor Ernst Brücke.

Freud’s unpublished manuscript for a scientific psychology of 1895

Berggasse 19, Vienna (May 1938)

Joseph Breuer ( ) STUDIES ON HYSTERIA 1895 Breuer and Freud

Anna O./ Bertha Pappenheim ( ) “TALKING CURE” or “CHIMNEY SWEEPING ” “hysterics suffer mainly from reminiscences” Studies in Hysteria

Cathartic Method or Abreaction An original response to a traumatic event is suppressed, and the affect or emotion is not expressed The original affect then expresses itself in bodily symptoms, a process called hysterical conversion Cure consists of verbally remembering and reviewing the event, and releasing the original affect.

Janet vs. Freud Dissociation, Splitting vs. Repression Mental Weakness of Patients vs. Active Forgetting Degeneracy (Hereditary weakness) for synthesis of psyche vs. psychic conflict, competing wishes, or opposing forces. Experimental Psychology vs. Therapeutics Hypnosis vs. Insistence on Remembering Inability to remember vs. Resistance to remember Innate Incapacity vs. Dynamic conflict

Carl Jung ( ) “Psychological Complex” Uncovered with the use of association tests with patients Collaborated with Freud

Freud’s couch – for use of “free association” technique

Freud and the Couch

Active Repression: patient was motivated to actively repress traumatic information from consciousness. Content of repressed material was often sexual. Freud’s formulated the Seduction Theory in patient underwent sexual event at developmentally early age, caused hysterical symptoms at puberty He rejected the theory in 1897.

Controversial 1980’s Historiography on Freud

Freud’s Structural Model of the Mind, 1923 SUPER-EGO source of repression, moral conscience EGO: emerged from Id, but adapted to society ID: locus of fantasies, desire, unconscious (pcpt-cs: percpetual conscious; turned toward the world)

Traumdeutung, or Interpretation of Dreams, 1900 Freud Dreams as Wish-fulfillment Manifest Content of Dream —its story- line, a conscious process DREAM CENSOR—lets some information out, represses, disguises other information Latent Content of Dream —dream thoughts, unconscious, often unacceptable wishes

Traumdeutung, Interpretation of Dreams (1900) Condensation: dream concentrates or compresses a number of different ideas into one; a composite picture. Displacement: transformation of dream thoughts into more acceptable thoughts in order to conceal unconscious meaning. Representation: all material gathered into a single situation in the dream. Symbolization: a certain set of symbols exist in unconscious, and become part of the dream (later addition to his theory).

International Psychoanalytic Congress, Weimar 1911

Freud’s Secret Committee (formed in 1912, image from 1922 )

Freud, Hall, Jung

Freud’s Visit to Clark University, 1909 In 1911, a branch of the International Psychoanalytic Assoc. met with American Psychopathological Association, under leadership of Putnam and Ernest Jones

Boston School of Psychotherapy: Morton Prince James Jackson Putnam Emmanuel Movement: Ministerial Psychotherapy Journal of Abnormal Psychology begun by Morton Prince in 1906 First American Medical Congress on Psychotherapy, New Haven, 1909

1945

Alfred Hitchcock and Salvador Dali “Spellbound”

Our story deals with psychoanalysis, the method by which modern science treats the emotional problems of the sane. The analyst seeks only to induce the patient to talk about his hidden problems, to open the locked doors of his mind. Once the complexes that have been disturbing the patient are uncovered and interpreted, the illness and confusion disappear... and the evils of unreason are driven from the human soul. Spellbound, 1945

“Hotel Log Hints at Illicit Desire That Dr. Freud Didn’t Repress” Sigmund Freud with his wife, Martha Bernays Freud, center, and her sister, Minna Bernays, left, in from New York Times December 24, 2006