1 MULTILATERAL NEGOTIATIONS ON AIR POLLUTION LARS NORDBERG ScandEnvironment, Stockholm Adviser

2 DRIVING FORCES EFFECTS HEALTH CROPS CORROSION ACIDIFICATION PUBLIC AWARENESS REGIONAL INITIATIVES

3 SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION ENERGY GENERATION TRANSPORT INDUSTRY HOUSEHOLDS AGRICULTURE BURNING OF BIOMASS AND WASTE

4 MAJOR POLLUTANTS SULPHUR NITROGEN PARTICULATE MATTER—PM OZONE VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS—VOC PERSISTENT ORGANIC PLLUTANTS—POP HEAVY METALS GREENHOUSE GASES—GHG NATURAL POLLUTANTS

5 ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT LOCAL SHORT-RANGE LONG-RANGE TRANSBOUNDARY HEMISPHERIC GLOBAL SPECIAL CONDITIONS

6 CRITICAL LOADS AND LEVELS EFFECTS OF DEPOSITION - indirect CONCENTRATIONS - direct

7 ABATEMENT AT SOURCE (FUELS) AT COMBUSTION AT END-OF-PIPE PRODUCT CONTROL

8 ABATEMENT (cont’d) CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR INTERLINKAGE WITH CLIMATE CHANGE MINIMIZATION OF COST

9 RATIONALE FOR AGREEMENT VISION STATEMENT COMMON UNDERSTANDING SOUND SCIENCE RELIABLE MONITORING PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE

10 RATIONALE (cont’d) TYPE OF AGREEMENT DIFFERENTIATED RESPONSIBILITIES EXEMPTIONS CONSTRAINTS REVISIONS

11 ISSUES DATA COLLECTION QUALITY CONTROL PRIORITIES NEGOTIATIONS IN PARALLEL WITH DATA COLLECTION

12 NEGOTIATIONS TERMS OF REFERENCE RULES OF PROCEDURE DELEGATIONS TIMETABLE LEAD COUNTRIES TENTATIVE TEXT RESOURCES

13 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS GOVERNING BODY (COP) SCIENTIFIC BODIES TECHNICAL BODIES MONITORING BODIES EXPERT GROUPS/TASK FORCES IMPLEMENTATION BODY SECRETARIAT

14 EXISTING AGREEMENTS EXAMPLES ASEAN HAZE CLRTAP CONVENTION AND PROTOCOL ON ODS UNFCCC AND KYOTO PROTOCOL

15 PRACTICAL WAYS FORWARD METHOD OF WORK PREPARATION OF DRAFT TEXT OPTIMIZATION OF RESOURCES

16 TENTATIVE STEPS TOWARD A MULTILATERAL AGREEMENT ON LONG-RANGE TRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION Lars Nordberg Adviser

17 RECOGNIZE PRINCIPLE 21 OF UN 1972 STOCKHOLM CONFERENCE ON THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT

18 IDENTIFY MOST VULNERABLE RECEPTORS (HUMANS, CROPS, ECOSYSTEMS, WATERS, MATERIAL)

19 IDENTIFY MOST RELEVANT AIR POLLUTANTS THAT CAUSE SIGNIFICANT DAMAGE (SO2, N, VOC, PM, HM, POPs, ETC)

20 IDENTIFY INTERGOVERNMENTAL FORA FOR COOPERATION AND NEGOTIATION

21 PREPARE A FIRST STEP FRAMEWORK AGREEMENT

22 INCLUDE BASIC OBLIGATIONS FOR EMISSION INVENTORIES, POLLUTANT CONTROL, MONITORING, RESEARCH, REPORTING

23 INCLUDE PROVISIONS FOR SUBSEQUENT EFFECTS-BASED UNDERTAKINGS

24 PREPARE SEPARATE PROTOCOLS WITH DIFFERENTIATED OBLIGATIONS ON EMISSION REDUCTION

25 CONSIDER BASE YEARS AND TARGET YEARS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF OBLIGATIONS AND COMPLIANCE MONITORING

26 AIM AT WIDEST POSSIBLE ADHERENCE OF COUNTRIES TO AGREED INSTRUMENTS