Cold War in the Making HI 168: Lecture 11 Dr. Howard Chiang

OVERVIEW -Rise of Cold War in East Asia: : - Beginnings - Turning Point: Truman’s Decision - In Perspective -The CCP’s “Lean-to-One-Side Decision” -Treaty of Peace & Friendship (1950) -Korean War ( )

BEGINNINGS -Mao’s initial false belief in the Soviet Union (USSR) -Yalta Conference (agreement between US and USSR) – Feb Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Mutual Assistance (1945) -Chiang-Stalin compromise  USSR pressured Chinese Communists to enter negotiations with the GMD

Feb 1945, Yalta Conference: W. Churchill, F. D. Roosevelt, & J. Stalin

TURNING POINT -USSR still supported China’s “cause of progressive democracy” -American-GMD military actions provoked further anxiety among USSR leaders -USSR began to break the Sino-Soviet treaty -Truman’s decision on Dec. 15 -USSR responded by assisting the CCP

IN PERSPECTIVE : transition in Chinese history -CCP’s march from Yan’an to the world: - domestic reasons - international reasons – CCP-Moscow vs. GMD-Washington -China’s political development not only the product of international rivalry, but also helped shape Cold War international relations

LEAN-TO-ONE-SIDE POLICY -In 1949: CCP and Moscow wanted to strengthen their relationship -“Division of Labor”: - Moscow: world revolution - China: revolution in the East -CCP’s anti-American policy: - Moscow influences - reasons internal to Chinese history

TREATY OF PEACE & FRIENDSHIP -Initially Moscow had serious reservations -Mao dispatched a delegation to Moscow - headed by Liu Shaoqi in summer December 16, 1949: Mao met Stalin - USSR reluctant to return Northeast China - USSR not sure how to evaluate Mao’s status -January 2, 1950: Mao sent a telegram home - February 14, 1950: Treaty of Friendship, Alliance, and Assistance signed by Zhou Enlai and Andrei Vyshinsky - USSR lend China US $300 million loan

TREATY OF PEACE & FRIENDSHIP

KOREAN WAR ( ) : China vs. Japan : US vs. USSR -The 38 th Parallel - Syngman Rhee in the South - Kim Il-sung in the North -Chinese and Korean Communist Parties - close but not without problems - sizeable population of ethnic Koreans in Northeast China

Syngman Rhee Kim Il-sung

KOREAN WAR ( ) -August 20, 1950: China’s interest in Korea -September 1, 1950: United Nations counter- offensive in Inchon -Chinese People’s Liberation Army -> Chinese People’s Volunteer Army (CPV) - “War to Resist America and Aid Korea” - led by Peng Dehuai -Armistice agreement signed on July 27, Mao’s sun died at the age of 28 -China was excluded from the United Nations and the international community for 20 years

Zhou Enlai Peng Dehuai

KOREAN WAR ( )

Delegates sign the Korean Armistice Agreement in P’anmunj ŏ mP’anmunj ŏ m

KOREAN WAR ( ) The Demilitarized Zone compared to the earlier 38 th parallel de facto border Site of negotiations, 1951