Multiple Processor Systems Chapter 8 8.1 Multiprocessors 8.2 Multicomputers 8.3 Distributed systems.

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Presentation transcript:

Multiple Processor Systems Chapter Multiprocessors 8.2 Multicomputers 8.3 Distributed systems

Multiprocessor Systems Continuous need for faster computers –shared memory model –message passing multiprocessor –wide area distributed system

Multiprocessors Definition: A computer system in which two or more CPUs share full access to a common RAM

4 Multiprocessor Hardware (1) Bus-based multiprocessors

Multiprocessor Hardware (2) UMA Multiprocessor using a crossbar switch

Multiprocessor Hardware (3) UMA multiprocessors using multistage switching networks can be built from 2x2 switches (a) 2x2 switch (b) Message format

Multiprocessor Hardware (4) Omega Switching Network

Multiprocessor Hardware (5) NUMA Multiprocessor Characteristics 1.Single address space visible to all CPUs 2.Access to remote memory via commands -LOAD -STORE 3.Access to remote memory slower than to local

Multiprocessor Hardware (6) (a) 256-node directory based multiprocessor (b) Fields of 32-bit memory address (c) Directory at node 36

Multiprocessor OS Types (1) Each CPU has its own operating system Bus

Multiprocessor OS Types (2) Master-Slave multiprocessors Bus

Multiprocessor OS Types (3) Symmetric Multiprocessors –SMP multiprocessor model Bus

Multiprocessor Scheduling (1) Timesharing –note use of single data structure for scheduling

Multicomputers Definition: Tightly-coupled CPUs that do not share memory Also known as –cluster computers –clusters of workstations (COWs)

Multicomputer Hardware (1) Interconnection topologies (a) single switch (b) ring (c) grid (d) double torus (e) cube (f) hypercube

Multicomputer Hardware (2) Switching scheme –store-and-forward packet switching

Multicomputer Hardware (3) Network interface boards in a multicomputer

Distributed Systems (1) Comparison of three kinds of multiple CPU systems

Distributed Systems (2) Achieving uniformity with middleware

Network Hardware (1) Ethernet (a) classic Ethernet (b) switched Ethernet Computer (a) (b)

Network Hardware (2) The Internet

Network Services and Protocols (1) Network Services

Network Services and Protocols (2) Internet Protocol Transmission Control Protocol Interaction of protocols

Document-Based Middleware (1) The Web –a big directed graph of documents

Document-Based Middleware (2) How the browser gets a page 1.Asks DNS for IP address 2.DNS replies with IP address 3.Browser makes connection 4.Sends request for specified page 5.Server sends file 6.TCP connection released 7.Browser displays text 8.Browser fetches, displays images

File System-Based Middleware (1) Transfer Models (a) upload/download model (b) remote access model (a) (b)

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