QOTD After the Civil War, the Freedmen's Bureau was set up primarily to help which group of people? a) former slaves. b) former Confederate soldiers. c) immigrants. d) northern factory workers.

QOTD After the Civil War, the Freedmen's Bureau was set up primarily to help which group of people? a) former slaves.

Today’s Standard SSUSH 11 Explain the impact of railroads on other industries; Thomas Edison’s inventions

The Age of Invention 1860 - 1890

Industry Explodes After the Civil War, industry rises 1) 1860 – 1890 – is known as the Second Industrial Revolution Patents – exclusive rights to inventors to make and sell something 2) New ideas and inventions began to spread

Bessemer Steel Process Created from coal and iron 2) Henry Bessemer Created the Bessemer Process in 1850 Injecting air in molten iron, removing the carbon, and forming steel Steel was lighter, flexible and rust-resistant 3) Steel production skyrockets 15,000 tons in the 1860s to 28 million by 1910 4) Railroad industry was most impacted skyscrapers

Henry Bessemer

Railroads (RR) 1) The growth of the steel industry sparked a massive network of RRs being built across the United States 2) 1869 – The first transcontinental railroad connects the eastern and western United States 3) Cities and towns grew along RR lines U.S. population multiplied

Communications 1) Telegraph Samuel Morse 1837 2) Used Morse Code A series of dots and dashes representing letters

Communications 1876 Telephone 3) Alexander Graham Bell Eventually is installed in homes and offices across the country

Thomas Edison 1) Thomas Edison America’s greatest inventor Born in Ohio in 1847 Established world’s first research lab in 1876 Menlo Park, NJ Inventions: A) Light bulb B) Phonograph – recorded sounds C) Kinetograph – we call them video cameras today 3) First electrical power plant in New York City in 1882

Edison Light Bulb

Edison Phonograph

Motion Pictures

Building the United States Infrastructure 1856 - 1893 The Age of Railroads Building the United States Infrastructure 1856 - 1893

Railroads Improve 1850 – Steam-powered ships were the main form of American transportation As the years progressed things began to change Better designed trains and tracks Construction of new rail lines Railroads were becoming more popular

The Transcontinental Railroad By 1856, RR had extended from the East Coast to the Mississippi River By 1859, RR crossed the Missouri River May 10, 1869 – The Central Pacific and the Union Pacific RR meet The first transcontinental railroad is built Coast to coast RR in the United States

The Golden Spike

The Transcontinental RR

Working on the Railroad Three main groups of people worked on the RR Chinese immigrants – the main group Irish immigrants Civil War veterans Working conditions were brutal Accidents Pneumonia 1888 – 2,000 employees killed; 20,000 injured Pay was also poor

The Emergence of Entrepreneurs in the Age of Industry 1873 - 1890 Big Business The Emergence of Entrepreneurs in the Age of Industry 1873 - 1890

Andrew Carnegie Born in Scotland 1835 Grew up poor Started working at a cotton mill at age 13 12 hour days Saw the Bessemer Process in action Got in the steel business Age 28 – Carnegie begins to work his way up in the steel industry

US Steel Carnegie starts his own business Carnegie Steel (US Steel) By 1899, US Steel manufactured more steel alone than all the steel factories of Great Britain Carnegie was a great manager Always tried to find ways to make better steel cheaply Tried to find ways to improve steel Established a good accounting system to monitor spending and costs Hired the best assistants

Carnegie’s Business Strategy Vertical integration When a company buys out all its suppliers Controlling every level of manufacturing Carnegie bought coal and iron mines, ore freighters, and railroad lines He had total power over the quality and cost of his product

John D. Rockefeller Owner of Standard Oil Company Eliminated his competition Set up a monopoly Complete control of a particular industry Merged with other companies that manufactured oil Horizontal consolidation

Criticism and Regulation The ruthless tactics of these businessmen was often criticized Critics believed they were limiting free trade Guys like Carnegie and Rockefeller defended their wealth with philanthropy Philanthropy – giving money away to charities Carnegie gave 90% of his wealth away during his lifetime Congress eventually regulates big business Sherman Antitrust Act Made trusts illegal