The Industrial Revolution CHAPTER 13 The Industrial Revolution Section 1: Origins of the Industrial Revolution Section 2: The Factory System Section 3: New Methods and Business Organizations Section 4: Living and Working Conditions Section 5: Socialism

Origins of the Industrial Revolution SECTION 1 Origins of the Industrial Revolution Invention Function of Invention Industry Inventor Jethro Tull Eli Whitney James Watt Samuel Morse Richard Arkwright Henry Bessemer

Many things had remained unchanged for centuries. SECTION 1 Origins of the Industrial Revolution To understand the importance of the Industrial Revolution, you have to know what life was like before it. Many things had remained unchanged for centuries. Life was mainly based on farming, with families producing enough for their own needs. Craftspeople also worked on a local level, making and mending things for their neighbors with little contact with the outside world.

Few people realized that all this was set to change. SECTION 1 Origins of the Industrial Revolution The slow pace of life was hardly different from that of the Middle Ages. Water mills, windmills, and horses or oxen provided the only extra power, and most work was still down by hand. Few people realized that all this was set to change.

SECTION 1 Origins of the Industrial Revolution What is a revolution? Before the Industrial Revolution, there was an Agricultural Revolution . . .

SECTION 1 Origins of the Industrial Revolution Enclosure Movement

Jethro Tull Seed Drill 1701 SECTION 1 Origins of the Industrial Revolution Jethro Tull At this time most grain seed was sown by hand. Field hands carried bags of seeds from which they would grab a handful of seed and broadcast (spread) out over the plowed field. Tull realized that this method was very wasteful, since most of the seeds would be blown away and/or eaten by birds before they ever had a chance to take root. Frustrated by his inability to develop a more efficient hand-sowing method, Tull turned his attention to devising a mechanized seed drill. In 1701, he invented the horse-drawn seed drill. A rotating cylinder had grooves cut into it to allow seed to pass from the hopper above to a funnel below. The seed was then directed into a channel dug by a plow at the front of the machine, and then covered by a harrow attached to the rear. Although it took several years for English farmers to embrace the machine, Tull's design remained the standard for over a century. Seed Drill 1701 …resulted in farming becoming less labor intensive and allowed farmers to grow crops on a much larger scale.

Charles “Turnip” Townshend SECTION 1 Origins of the Industrial Revolution Charles “Turnip” Townshend He found that turnips could be rotated with wheat, barley, clover, and ryegrass to make soil more fertile and increase yields, and thus became known as the man responsible for introducing turnip cultivation into England. crop rotation

Origins of the Industrial Revolution SECTION 1 Origins of the Industrial Revolution Other improvements increased production and made farm labor easier… Iron plows would replace wooden ones. …plow with a replaceable blade. By 1800s, many farm workers were forced out and headed to the cities.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SECTION 1 Origins of the Industrial Revolution INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION … is a term used to describe the transformation from an agricultural nation to an industrial nation.

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Great Britain? SECTION 1 Origins of the Industrial Revolution Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Great Britain?

Factors of Production Land Labor Capital SECTION 1 Origins of the Industrial Revolution Factors of Production Land All natural resources Labor Workers who migrated into the cities Capital Tools, machinery, equipment, MONEY

Origins of the Industrial Revolution SECTION 1 Origins of the Industrial Revolution The two-step process of spinning and weaving had been done by individuals in their homes, a production method called the cottage industry.

James Hargreaves spinning jenny SECTION 1 Origins of the Industrial Revolution James Hargreaves spinning jenny

Edmund Cartwright water powered loom SECTION 1 Origins of the Industrial Revolution Edmund Cartwright water powered loom When the power loom became efficient, women replaced most men as weavers in the textile factories. Workers put in a certain numbers of hours each day for a fixed pay.

SECTION 1 Origins of the Industrial Revolution Need more cotton!

Eli Whitney’s cotton gin SECTION 1 Origins of the Industrial Revolution Eli Whitney’s cotton gin While Eli Whitney is best remembered as the inventor of the cotton gin, it is often forgotten that he was also the father of the mass production method. In 1798 he figured out how to manufacture muskets by machine so that the parts were interchangeable. It was as a manufacturer of muskets that Whitney finally became rich. If his genius led King Cotton to triumph in the South, it also created the technology with which the North won the Civil War.

Eli Whitney’s interchangeable parts SECTION 1 Origins of the Industrial Revolution Eli Whitney’s interchangeable parts While Eli Whitney is best remembered as the inventor of the cotton gin, it is often forgotten that he was also the father of the mass production method. In 1798 he figured out how to manufacture muskets by machine so that the parts were interchangeable. It was as a manufacturer of muskets that Whitney finally became rich. If his genius led King Cotton to triumph in the South, it also created the technology with which the North won the Civil War.

Water power had drawbacks . . . SECTION 1 Origins of the Industrial Revolution Water power had drawbacks . . . A more dependable and portable power supply was needed!

Now it would be used to drive the new spinning & weaving machines! SECTION 1 Origins of the Industrial Revolution James Watt would improve the steam engine … Modern Steam Engine 1769 Now it would be used to drive the new spinning & weaving machines!

Origins of the Industrial Revolution Visual Source Origins of the Industrial Revolution Steam engines allowed factories to be built anywhere. This meant an increase in railroads to bring resources to and take goods from the new factories. The Victorians were acutely aware of the power of the image to communicate complex ideas to audiences, and to influence their perceptions of the age in which they lived. The cartoon shown here, an allegory on the significance of steam power in the Victorian era, is a good example of a potent image of this type.

Origins of the Industrial Revolution The building of railroads became a new job for farm laborers and peasants. This less expensive transportation lowered the price of goods. More sales meant the need for more goods, which brought about more factories.

Henry Bessemer (Bessemer Process) SECTION 1 Origins of the Industrial Revolution More Machines? Need more iron ore . . . And coal to separate it. But cast iron couldn’t withstand high steam pressure . . . Henry Bessemer (Bessemer Process) developed the first process for mass-producing steel inexpensively Same basic process is used today!

Gas Lights Technology would be applied to other industries … SECTION 1 Origins of the Industrial Revolution Technology would be applied to other industries … Gas Lights First public street lighting – 1807 in London Samuel Clegg

vulcanization Charles Goodyear – father of modern rubber industry SECTION 1 Origins of the Industrial Revolution Charles Goodyear – father of modern rubber industry vulcanization Charles Goodyear, sadly, profited little from his discovery. He was imprisoned for debt, his company folded, and he died a veritable pauper. 1844

Transportation Revolution SECTION 1 Origins of the Industrial Revolution Transportation Revolution Robert Fulton built the first commercial steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807. NYC to Albany, NY 150 miles in 32 hrs Robert Fulton, successfully built and operated a submarine (in France) in 1801, before turning his talents to the steamboat. Robert Fulton was accredited with turning the steamboat into a commercial success. On August 7, 1807, Robert Fulton's Clermont went from New York City to Albany making history with a 150-mile trip taking 32 hours at an average speed of about 5 miles-per-hour. “The Clermont” 1807

SECTION 1 Origins of the Industrial Revolution The first public railway line opened in 1830. The 32-miles of track went from Liverpool to Manchester, England. Robert Stephenson’s “rocket” went 28mph. Robert Fulton, successfully built and operated a submarine (in France) in 1801, before turning his talents to the steamboat. Robert Fulton was accredited with turning the steamboat into a commercial success. On August 7, 1807, Robert Fulton's Clermont went from New York City to Albany making history with a 150-mile trip taking 32 hours at an average speed of about 5 miles-per-hour.

Communications Revolution SECTION 1 Origins of the Industrial Revolution Communications Revolution 1844 Samuel Morse - telegraph

Origins of the Industrial Revolution SECTION 1 Origins of the Industrial Revolution Invention Function of Invention Industry Inventor seed drill, horse-drawn hoe planted seeds in straight rows; dug up weeds and broke up soil Jethro Tull agriculture cleaned more cotton in a day than hand laborers could Eli Whitney cotton gin textile modern steam engine powered engines for factories and transportation of goods textile and transportation James Watt Samuel Morse Morse code/telegraph communication communication Richard Arkwright water power to drive spinning wheel increased level of production textile Henry Bessemer Bessemer process textile and transportation used to make steel