Combating Climate Change : India’s Concerns and Policies Dr. Arvind Jasrotia Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, University of Jammu INDIA Dr. Arvind Jasrotia Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, University of Jammu INDIA

Salient Questions 1.Nature of Global Atmospheric Resource 2.Determining the size of the Cake to be split 3.Ethical dimensions of Climate Change 4.Justice and Equity Concerns 5.Other Concerns 6.The Climate Change Regime and India 1.Nature of Global Atmospheric Resource 2.Determining the size of the Cake to be split 3.Ethical dimensions of Climate Change 4.Justice and Equity Concerns 5.Other Concerns 6.The Climate Change Regime and India

India: Stark Realities– Managing Climate Change and Overcoming Poverty 1.The population of India has soared to 1028 million in 2001, and is estimated to reach 1.26 billion in % of the population still lives below the poverty line and 44% are still without access to electricity million rural population directly depend on climate-sensitive sectors (agriculture, forests and fisheries) and natural resources (such as water, biodiversity, mangroves, coastal zones, grasslands) for their subsistence and livelihoods. 1.The population of India has soared to 1028 million in 2001, and is estimated to reach 1.26 billion in % of the population still lives below the poverty line and 44% are still without access to electricity million rural population directly depend on climate-sensitive sectors (agriculture, forests and fisheries) and natural resources (such as water, biodiversity, mangroves, coastal zones, grasslands) for their subsistence and livelihoods.

Projections of Climate Change over India for the 21 st century  Rise of Annual Mean Surface Temperature ranging from 3 to 5 degree C under A2 Scenario and 2.5 to 4 degree C under B2 scenario of IPCC.  Impacts on Water Resources  Impacts on Agricultural Production  Impacts on Health  Impacts on Forests  Vulnerability to Extreme Events  Impacts on Coastal Areas  Rise of Annual Mean Surface Temperature ranging from 3 to 5 degree C under A2 Scenario and 2.5 to 4 degree C under B2 scenario of IPCC.  Impacts on Water Resources  Impacts on Agricultural Production  Impacts on Health  Impacts on Forests  Vulnerability to Extreme Events  Impacts on Coastal Areas

1. National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC): Guiding Principles  Protecting the poor and vulnerable sections of society through an inclusive and sustainable development strategy, sensitive to climate change.  Achieving national growth objectives that enhances ecological sustainability, leading to further mitigation of GHGs.  Deploying appropriate technologies for both adaptation and mitigation of GHGs emission extensively.  Engineering new and innovative forms of market, regulatory and voluntary mechanisms to promote sustainable development.  Welcoming international cooperation for research, development, sharing and transfer of technologies under the UNFCCC.

National Solar Mission National Solar Mission National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency National Mission on Sustainable Habitat National Mission on Sustainable Habitat National Water Mission National Water Mission National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem National Mission for a Green India National Mission for a Green India National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture National Mission on Strategic Knowledge National Mission on Strategic Knowledge India’s Eight National Missions

National Solar Mission The NAPCC aims to promote the land use of solar energy for power generation and other uses with the ultimate objective of making solar competitive with fossil-based energy options. The plan includes: Specific goals for increasing use of solar thermal technologies in urban areas, industry, and commercial establishments; a goal of increasing production of photovoltaics to 1000 MW/year; and a goal of deploying at least 1000 MW of solar thermal power generation. Other objectives include the establishment of a solar research center, increased international collaboration on technology development, strengthening of domestic manufacturing The NAPCC aims to promote the land use of solar energy for power generation and other uses with the ultimate objective of making solar competitive with fossil-based energy options. The plan includes: Specific goals for increasing use of solar thermal technologies in urban areas, industry, and commercial establishments; a goal of increasing production of photovoltaics to 1000 MW/year; and a goal of deploying at least 1000 MW of solar thermal power generation. Other objectives include the establishment of a solar research center, increased international collaboration on technology development, strengthening of domestic manufacturing

National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency Current initiatives are expected to yield savings of 10,000 MW by Building on the Energy Conservation Act 2001, the plan recommends inter alia, mandating specific energy consumption decreases in large energy-consuming industries, with a system for companies to trade energy-savings certificates; energy incentives, including reduced taxes on energy- efficient appliances; and financing for public-private partnerships to reduce energy consumption through demand-side management programs in the municipalities, buildings and agricultural sectors.

National Mission on Sustainable Habitat This mission calls for promoting energy efficiency as a core component of urban planning. The Plan calls for extending the existing energy conservation building code; a greater emphasis on urban waste management and recycling, including power production from waste; strengthening the enforcement of automotive fuel economy standards and using pricing measures to encourage the purchase of efficient vehicles; and incentives for the use of public transportation. This mission calls for promoting energy efficiency as a core component of urban planning. The Plan calls for extending the existing energy conservation building code; a greater emphasis on urban waste management and recycling, including power production from waste; strengthening the enforcement of automotive fuel economy standards and using pricing measures to encourage the purchase of efficient vehicles; and incentives for the use of public transportation.

National Water Mission With water scarcity projected to worsen as a result of climate change, the plan sets a goal of a 20% improvement in water use efficiency through pricing and other measures. With water scarcity projected to worsen as a result of climate change, the plan sets a goal of a 20% improvement in water use efficiency through pricing and other measures.

National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem The plan aims to conserve biodiversity, forest cover, and other ecological values in the Himalayan region, where glaciers that are a major source of India’s water supply, are projected to recede as a result of global warming. The plan aims to conserve biodiversity, forest cover, and other ecological values in the Himalayan region, where glaciers that are a major source of India’s water supply, are projected to recede as a result of global warming.

National Mission for a Green India Goals include the afforestation of 6 million hectares of degraded forest lands and expanding forest cover from 23% to 33% of India’s territory. Goals include the afforestation of 6 million hectares of degraded forest lands and expanding forest cover from 23% to 33% of India’s territory. Double the area to be taken up for afforestation /eco- restoration in India in the next 10 years, taking the total area to be afforested or eco-restored to 20 million ha. Double the area to be taken up for afforestation /eco- restoration in India in the next 10 years, taking the total area to be afforested or eco-restored to 20 million ha. Increase the GHG removals by India’s forests to 6.35% of India’s annual total GHG emissions by the year Increase the GHG removals by India’s forests to 6.35% of India’s annual total GHG emissions by the year 2020.

National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture The plan aims to support climate adaptation in agriculture through the development of climate-resilient crops, expansion of weather insurance mechanisms, and agricultural practices. The plan aims to support climate adaptation in agriculture through the development of climate-resilient crops, expansion of weather insurance mechanisms, and agricultural practices.

National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change To gain a better understanding of climate science, impacts and challenges, the plan envisions a new Climate Science Research Fund, improved climate modeling, and increased international collaboration. It also encourages private sector initiatives to develop adaptation and mitigation technologies through venture capital funds. To gain a better understanding of climate science, impacts and challenges, the plan envisions a new Climate Science Research Fund, improved climate modeling, and increased international collaboration. It also encourages private sector initiatives to develop adaptation and mitigation technologies through venture capital funds.

Other achievements India is the first non-annex I(developing country) to publish updated information on India’s GHG emissions. India is the first non-annex I(developing country) to publish updated information on India’s GHG emissions. Emission Intensity of India’s GDP declined by more than 30% during the period due to efforts and policies that are proactively put in place. Emission Intensity of India’s GDP declined by more than 30% during the period due to efforts and policies that are proactively put in place. The net GHG emissions from India in 2007 (with LULUCF), were million tons of CO2 equivalent The net GHG emissions from India in 2007 (with LULUCF), were million tons of CO2 equivalent GHG emissions from Energy, Industry, Agriculture and Waste Sectors constituted 58%, 22%, 17% and 3% of the net CO2 eq emissions respectively. GHG emissions from Energy, Industry, Agriculture and Waste Sectors constituted 58%, 22%, 17% and 3% of the net CO2 eq emissions respectively.

Each inhabitant of the Earth is entitled to an equal entitlement to the global atmospheric resource Thank You.