Long Test No. 1 (Feb. 4) Pointers for Review Reproduction in Plants 1. Sexual Reproduction - Parts of a Flower - Pollination - Fertilization - Seed Dispersal & Germination 2. Asexual Reproduction - Natural Vegetative Propagation - Artificial Vegetative Propagation

Quiz # 3 on Thursday Seed germination Needs of a growing seed Asexual Reproduction - Natural Vegetative Propagation - Artificial Vegetative Propagation

Asexual Reproduction (plants)

Plants are important part of the environment and our lives Plants are important part of the environment and our lives. In fact, many of our needs are being sustained by the different plants around us. Can you name some important things or needs we get from plants?

Life Cycle of a Plant Growing plant Flowering plant Germination Pollination Dispersal of seeds Fertilization

Some plants don't produce flowers and seeds Some plants don't produce flowers and seeds. Plants such as ferns and mosses are called non-flowering plants and produce spores instead of seeds.

Spores are microscopic specks of living material Spores are microscopic specks of living material. Ferns produce their spores on the undersides of the leaves (fronds). They are the brown "spots" or "pads" on the bottom of the leaves.

Some plants uses plant parts in order to reproduce Some plants uses plant parts in order to reproduce. We call it asexual reproduction or vegetative propagation of plants.

Reproduction in Plants Sexual Asexual Flowers (perfect or imperfect) VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION Pollination (self or cross) Fertilization Fruits and Seeds Natural Artificial Seed dispersal/Germination Seedling- young plant

Natural Vegetative Propagation Natural vegetative propagation is the growing of new plants from parts of a parent plant such as underground stems, roots and leaves.

New Plants From Stems Modified stems

Bulb Examples: onion (sibuyas), lily, hyacinth and tulip A bulb is consist of a short stem base with one or more buds enclosed in many fleshy leaves, which store food.

Corm Examples: Gabi, Gladiola and Begonia Corm is a thick stem base with scaly leaves at the nodes and contains stored food.

Tuber Examples: Irish potato Tuber is enlarged because of stored food. The “eyes” of the potato are its nodes where buds and roots will develop.

Rhizome Example: Ginger (luya), birds of paradise Rhizome is an underground stem that grows horizontally near the soil surface. Roots and buds develop at the nodes and grow into new plants.

Runners and Stolons Examples: Strawberry and Bermuda These stems grow horizontally above the ground. When the node touches the ground the roots and leaves develop and a new plant grows

New Plants from Roots Plants like the turnip (or singkamas), carrot, radish and sweet potato (kamote) have storage roots. These roots contain food. When planted, storage roots grow into new plants.

New Plants from the Leaves Katakataka has leaves that produce new plants separate from the parent plant and continue to grow. Begonia plants have also produce new plants from their leaves that touch the soil.

Artificial Vegetative Propagation It is a method of propagating plants develop by people who are engaged in the production of plants for food or decoration.

Cutting The cutting produces new roots, stems, or both, and thus becomes a new plant independent of the parent.

Layering Layering is a technique for plant propagation in which a portion of an aerial stem is encouraged to grow roots while still attached to the parent plant and then removed and planted as an independent plant.

Pull branch down for simple layer. (B) Make wound or cut at bend. (C) Stake tip to hold upright. Compound layers are suitable for plants with long stems or vines.

Grafting A branch or stem is cut from one plant carefully and joined to another. The branch or stem shares the food and water that passes through the stem of the mother plant. Grafting is done to improve the quality of some plants.

Grafting is use to: speed the maturity of some plants. provide strong stalk for some ornamental plats. repair a damage trunk of a tree which stops the flow of nutrients.

Budding It is done by choosing and cutting a bud from one plant and attaching it to another plant. The bud must fit well to the mother plant. When the bud grows big enough it will become part of the plant.

Steps 3 1 2 1 6 7 5 4

Marcotting In marcotting, a healthy mature plant is selected. The bark of the plant’s stem is removed. Soil must be put around the open stem which is then wrapped with cloth, plastic or coconut husk. In few months time, roots will grow out of the stem.

Cloning Cloning is a method of producing a new plant using tissue of culture. Beginning with a group of cells cut from the part of the mother plant, thousands of exact copies can be produced within a short period.

Plants can grow from stems, roots and leaves (Modified stem) A. bulb Natural Vegetative propagation - the growing of new plants from parts of a parent plant such as underground stems, roots and leaves. Plants can grow from stems, roots and leaves (Modified stem) A. bulb B. tuber C. corm D. rhizome E. runners/ stolons

Artificial vegetative propagation A method of propagating plants develop by people who are engaged in the production of plants for food or decoration. Cutting Grafting Layering Budding Marcotting Cloning These methods of propagation helps improve the quality of plants.

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