German & Italian Unification Label Germany and Italy Nation state = a nation with its own government (sovereignty)

I. Why Unify Germany? Nationalism Common Language - German Common Religion - Christianity Common History & Customs 1 – food 2 - clothing 1871 – Unity there is strength During the Middle Ages Germany not a nation, but a name – explain. 1618 Thirty Years War robbed it of its Renaissance with 300 princely states. 2/3 population killed

PRUSSIA 1815 Metternich opposed unification Upset balance of power but nationalism grew stronger Rhine and Ruhr valley were the powerhouse of industry – coal Caesar’s outpost – roads in Gaul France for his legions

II. First Steps Toward German Unification Impact of Napoleon The Zollverein 1848 Frankfurt Assembly Napoleon – Confederation of the Rhine 300 states to 100 led to german nationalistic opposition Napoleon’s Code and Confederation of Rhine from 300 states to 39. Freed serfs and Jews Unrestricted trade Zollverein - ended tax barriers among the German states 1848 – Liberals met in Frankfurt, demands for German unity failed because (1) throne offered to Frederick William IV of Prussia – he rejected a throne offered “by the people” and (2) southern states did not want to cede their power.

III. Bismarck Architect of German Unity Bismarck “Iron” Chancellor Realpolitik = tough politics “the end justifies the means” Uses “Blood and Iron”= war and industry to unite German states Makes alliances with Russia and Italy to isolate France Bismarck from the Junker class (aristoctrat, land-owning nobility) a conservative United economically first with zollverein in 1818 – taxes eliminated among member states in Confederation; guild system abolished which created a free market (had existed in England for over a century); guild workers become factory hands and middle class grew 1861 - became chancellor and built Prussian Power “little Germany” violated the 1848 Liberal Consitution (Executive – Kaiser, Legislative = Bundestrat or upper house of hereditary rulers and Reichstag lower house elected by all adult males. Realpolitik – realism not idealism… POWER MORE IMPORTANT THAN PRINCIPLE France weakened by war with Austria in support of Italy – Russia weak due to Crimean War Alliance secures Russian neutrality Unity without democracy – lack of parliamentary tradition, example failure of Frankfurt Assembly in 1848. Krupps Steel – nuclear fission of the day – steel (low carbon iron, tough) was a marvel Blast furnaces couldn’t produce steel, only caste iron “pig iron” brittle b/c of high carbon content. British held secret of steel making (monopoly) for 70 years. Workers pledged an oath. KRUPPS 1844 invention of two hallow coal musket barrels – ARMS. Traditional weapons were swords. Generals however were resistant to change. Cannons (BIG BERTHA) and rifles sat for years. Peaceful age, need war to fuel steel industry – when Willhelm crowned King of Prussia.

Realpolitik in Action Seven Weeks War – Prussia defeats Austria and unifies northern Germany EMS Dispatch - false reports of insults angers French Emperor Franco-Prussian War Prussia gets Alsace & Lorraine 1871 Versailles–William I becomes Kaiser of Germany Germany is strongest nation on the continent 1860s – First Prussia & Austria Allies, made war with Denmark in 1864 1866 – Seven weeks war with Austria ( railroads/telegrams speed war) EMS – Bismarck engineering Leopold (a Hohenzollern) for King of Spain. Nap. III asked Wm. I reconsider. Wm sent word to Bismarck of France’s demands. Bismarck altered the French demands making France’s demand appear more threatening in German affairs. United southern German states as they hated France more than Prussia. Kaiser Wilhelm II fired Bismarck , challenged England at sea, loses Bismarck’s allies Germany France

A- Common ethnicity = history, customs, language & religion B-NATIONALISM-every ethnic group wants to have and govern their own nation Strong Nationalism – Roman Empire! (Emperor like wizard) Wizard of Oz! Mazzini = heart of unification Cavour = brains of unification Garibaldi = sword of unification Commercial and entrepren of industrial north saw peninsula as market for Italian goods. Central gov. could build roads, bridges, dissolve tariff barriers and other impediments to trade.

First Steps Toward Unification 1848 The Risorgimento = nationalist uprisings failed Mazzini – founded secret society of Young Italy with “Ideas grow quickly when watered by the blood of martyrs.” Cavour – Victor Emmanuel’s Prime Minister (Sardinia). Improved Sardinia’s economy, free trade. Defeated Austria and annexed Lombardy Cavour believed in realpolitik too, with France’s help, defeated Austrian’s.

Garibaldi D-VICTOR EMMANUEL AGREES TO BE KING IN 1871 Type of Gov??? Lincoln so impressed with Garibaldi that he offered him a position of commander of entire corps of the Union Army! Fought in Latin America 1,000 vs. 24,000 troops and wins! French preoccupied in Franco-Prussian War, Garibaldi took Rome Pope gave up land – Church kept Vatican City, independent from Italy. Size of Syracuse D-VICTOR EMMANUEL AGREES TO BE KING IN 1871 Type of Gov???

Italy is united, but a weak nation Industrial North vs. Agrarian South 1860 – 1910 largest number of Italian immigrants “The Godfather” Not strong like Germany with Krupp F-MILLIONS EMIGRATE FOR THE U.S.