National Unification and the National State Chapter 12, Section 3

Breakdown of the Concert of Europe Crimean War Russia vs Ottoman Empire Russia wanted to expand into Ottoman-controlled Balkans 1853 – Russians invade Balkan lands British and French step in to help Ottomans, fear Russian power grab and control of Mediterranean Austria refuses to help Russia Treaty of Paris of 1856 – Russia surrenders, the Great Powers now own provinces of Moldavia and Walachia Effect – Concert of Europe ends Austrian refusal to help Russia, France and Britain against Russia Russia withdraws from European affairs

Italian Unification Italian city-state of Piedmont begins unification quest Ruled by Savoy family Had to defeat Austrians to accomplish this, but needed help Made an alliance with Louis Napoleon and France, then provoked war with Austria France helped Meanwhile, Giuseppe Garibaldi is raising an army of Italians Called “red shirts” because of their clothing Giuseppe takes the two Sicilies Giuseppe gives up power to Piedmont, Victor Emmanuel II named king of Italy

German Unification Following failure of the Frankfurt Assembly, Germans looked to Prussia to lead unification Known for large army and militarism, or reliance on military strength One of the larger German states In 1860s, King William I was denied right to enlarge army by Prussian legislature Appoints Otto von Bismarck, who pushes through legislature to enlarge it Used realpolitik, or politics based on practical matters, not theories Bismarck took most of northern Germany, organized an alliance with southern Germany

German Unification Cont’d Prussia and France soon became engaged in arguments for the successor of the Spanish throne Bismarck takes advantage, lures France into war in 1870 (Franco-Prussian War) Combined northern and southern German states dominate French troops, France surrenders in 1871 Southern German states agree to enter Northern German Confederation William I of Prussia named kaiser, or emperor, of united Germany

Meanwhile, Across Europe… Great Britain Most stable in Europe Granted more voting rights, increased jobs through Industrial Revolution France Louis Napoleon holds a plebiscite, or popular vote, to restore French Empire – 97% say “yes” Emperor Napoleon III limited rights, created an authoritarian state Lasted until 1871, when French were defeated by Prussia Austria After defeating rebels in 1848-49, still saw protest Defeat by Prussia hurt the government, forced them to consider granting rights Austria-Hungary formed through Compromise of 1867 Russia Following Crimean War, changes needed Alexander issues emancipation edict, freeing serfs, gave land to them Still did not create a happy people, as lands were often worst available

Nationalism in the United States Following War of 1812 with Britain, surge of Nationalism that would be short lived Right to vote available to most white males, but slavery still a problem Abolitionism challenged slavery issue December 1860 – secession begins South separates from the North American Civil War lasts from 1861-1865 United States forced to overcome slavery issue and Southern punishments together

Canada Canada had been a British possession since 1763 – following Seven Years’ War Over time, nationalist sentiment builds within colonies British fear a Canadian rebellion that could result in Americans gaining land 1867 – Parliament passes British North America Act, establishing a Canadian nation

Exit Slip What were the causes and effects of the Crimean War? How did Nationalism play into Italian unification? How did Nationalism play into German unification?