India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh

An Ancient Land  India’s culture and history dates back over 4000 years. It started in Indus Valley (now Pakistan)

Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa

Mohenjo-Daro

Well surrounded by paving

Toilet from Mohenjo-Daro

What Harappa might have looked like:

Aryan Invasions  The Aryans were a group of these nomadic people who entered into India over the Hindu Kush mountain range.  They may have migrated because they sought a better climate, or they may have migrated to get closer to the major centers of trade.

Aryan Invaders Transform India  In about 1500 BC, the Aryans were another Indo-European group that crossed over the Hindu Kush range and began settling in the Indus Valley.  The only archeological evidence we have of these people is written in their holy books that are called Vedas. The Vedas are a collection of prayers, magical spells and instructions for performing religious rituals.

The Aryans originated from Central Asia as hunting and gathering peoples

The Aryans were taller, lighter skinned, and spoke their own language. Also, their religion was quite different from the native people of the Indus Valley. These differences became the basis for class assignment. A fourth class was formed to include the non-Aryan laborers and craftsmen.

 Before migrating to the Indus Valley, the Aryans had already developed a fairly rigid 3-level class system. The priests (Brahmins) were at the top. The warriors were the 2 nd highest class Everyone else made up the lower class. When they arrived in India, they set themselves apart from the indigenous people and created new class levels for them. When they arrived in India, they set themselves apart from the indigenous people and created new class levels for them.

The Caste System Becomes Rigid  The class one was born into determined his/her role in society. People born into a caste would be a member of that cast for their entire lives.  M embership in a particular caste determined everything about their lives from what kind of job that they did to whom they could marry.

2. Top: Kshatriyas (warrior or governing class) 1. Priests (Brahmins) 3. Vaisyas (traders and farmers) 4. Sudras (common laborers) 5. Untouchables The Aryan caste System

Aryan Kingdoms Arise  The Aryans extended their influence over a large area to include the Ganges River valley and the Yamuna River valley.  These tribal units evolved into small kingdoms. After years of conflict, a single strong kingdom emerged and took over control of the region. This kingdom is called Magadha. By 200 BC, the Aryan kingdom of Magadha was in control of the entire sub-continent of India.

Mauryan Empire

Gupta Empire

Harsha’s Empire

The Rise of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism  Due to the bloody wars during this time, many people began to search for the answer to the ultimate question: What is man’s place in the universe, what is the place of the gods. Out of these questions, new religions emerged Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism.

Muslims Invade  Muslims invade and conquer the Indus Valley  By the 1500s, they establish the Mughal Empire

British East India Company  European traders come to India in the 1500s looking for spices and cloth  trading arm of Britain  1757-Britain gains control over India’s trade with Europe  1857-British govt. puts down revolt, establishes direct rule over India.

Control Zones of the British East India Company Britain gained some territories by force, but was content to form alliances with local princes with little attempt to interfere with Indian people, as long as tribute was paid.

The Sepoy Rebellion  Sepoy's would be placed in front of the muzzle and the cannon's would be shot through their body. They called this "The Devil's Wind".

 Britain left social systems untouched, forming a new class atop the social hierarchies that already existed.  Aristocratic class left in charge of day to day administration  Mixed marriages between Europeans and indigenous people accepted at first Colonial Life in the 19 th -20 th Centuries

Gandhi  Mohandas Gandhi starts nonviolent campaign in 1920 against British govt.  India achieves independence from Britain in 1947  Now the world’s largest democracy democracy

1947 The Partition of India

Partition and War  1947-When India achieves independence, 2 new countries are created; India and Pakistan. (East and West Pakistan)  Hindus → India, Muslims → Pakistan

Pakistan and Bangladesh  Like India, they are young countries with ancient histories  Starts in Indus Valley  Featured well planned cities such as Harappa and such as Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro Mohenjo-Daro

Civil War  1971-East and West Pakistan engage in civil war  East Pakistan wants their own state, West opposes  With help from India, East Pakistan wins independence East Pakistan wins independence as Bangladesh as Bangladesh

The End! Mohenjo Daro