Unit 1 Chapters 1-4 Beginnings of Civilization 4 Million B.C.  200 B.C.

Objectives Ancient vocabulary Agriculture Development of Civilization –Elements of Civilization Egypt—Middle East—Persia Ancient India Ancient China

Pre-history Before written records Fossil records –Animal remains Artifacts –Man-made objects Carbon-14 dating –Extremely accurate method of determining age of something once living 1

Neanderthals Large brains Shorter Skulls shaped differently Died out 35,000 years ago

Cro-Magnon Could pass for modern human If seen in Rolla, wouldn’t look too different from anyone else

Prehistoric period—Stone Age Old Stone Age Paleolithic New Stone Age Neolithic

Paleolithic Era

Nomads –Wanderers—no permanent settlements Fire Tools –Survival easier –Man had time to THINK! Language –Basic communication (Dad, can I have the car keys?) Religion –Belief in life after death Art –Cave paintings

Ice Ages 20,000 years ago Polar ice caps grew, taking water from oceans forming land bridges (Bering) Animals died Humans adapted –Fire, better shelters, heavy clothing, new foods –Video: “Caveman”

Neolithic Era

Agriculture Nomadic hunting unreliable Middle East Advantages –Steady source of food –Easier to store (meat rotted, grain didn’t) –Safer  the corn wouldn’t attack you

Development of Agriculture Causes & Effects

Bronze Age Copper –first metal worked into tools –Too soft Bronze –Copper with tin –Weapons/tools with sharper cutting edge –Demand  greater trade

Achievements of the Neolithic Era Food supply more reliable Population increased Trade expanded Settlements grew larger  cities

Beginnings of Civilization Mesopotamia –Tigris & Euphrates Rivers Egypt –Nile River India –Indus River China –Yellow River (Huang)

Elements of Civilization

Organized Government Makes & enforces laws to keep order, defense against enemies Exercises authority over an organized state, judges Plans, organizes, & directs large projects Standardizes money system Collects taxes

Organized Religion Formalizes religious belief & offers guidance in questions of life, death, spirit Selects clergy Establish rituals & symbols, shrines & sacred places Keep gods happy to ensure survival THEOCRACIES: the ruler is seen as a god or a representative of the gods; laws are the god’s commandments (can’t be argued against)

Division of Labor Provides goods & services Enables people to develop specialized skills Trade & new technology Promotes system of social classes

Class Structure Defines a person’s place in society Reflects the distribution of wealth

System of Writing Provides a way to keep accurate records Serves as a way to pass on knowledge –including HISTORY