Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD) UNESCO, Paris September 27-28, 1999 Edward A. Fox CC CS DLRL Internet TIC Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA

Acknowledgements (Selected) F Sponsors: ACM, Adobe, IBM, Microsoft, NSF, OCLC, SURA, US Dept. of Education, … F Co-PIs: John Eaton, Brian Kleiner, Gail McMillan F Students: Fernando Das Neves, Robert France, Neill Kipp, Paul Mather, Constantinos Phanouriou, James Powell, Ohm Sornil, David Watkins, Chang Zhang, Jianxin Zhao

OUTLINE F Introduction –VT, DL, 5S, Education, Chain –Interest, Impact F NDLTD –Overview, History –Members, Collection –Support, Extensions F Conclusion

Virginia Tech Background F Largest university in Virginia, land-grant, town population 35K plus 25K students F Blacksburg Electronic Village, since 1992, with 80% of community on Internet F Net.Work.Virginia, largest ATM network, with over 650 sites, for education, research, govt F LMDS, Local Multipoint Distribution Service, gigabit wireless networking - 1/3 of Virginia F Math Emporium, 500 workstations F Faculty Development Initiative, round 2

ACITC F Advanced Communications and Information Technology Center, opening summer 2000 F Connects to the library, with a focus on IT F 1/3 high-tech (multimedia) classrooms F 1/3 digital/electronic library (reading room) F 1/3 research labs: 10, including: –Digital Library Research Laboratory (DLRL) –Center for Applied Technologies in the Humanities –HCI; HPC; Multimedia; Visualization (CAVE),...

Digital Libraries --- Virginia Tech F MARIAN (NLM) F CS DL Prototype - ENVISION (NSF, ACM) F TULIP (Elsevier, OCLC) F DL for CS Education - EI (NSF, ACM) F WATERS, NCSTRL (NSF) F NDLTD (SURA, US Dept. of Education) F CSTC (NSF, ACM) F CRIM (NSF, SIGMM) F WCA (Log) Repository (W3C) F VT-PetaPlex-1 (Knowledge Systems)

OUTLINE F Introduction –VT, DL, 5S, Education, Chain –Interest, Impact F NDLTD –Overview, History –Members, Collection –Support, Extensions F Conclusion

Digital Libraries --- Objectives F World Lit.: 24hr / 7day / from desktop F Integrated “super” information systems: 5S: streams, structures, spaces, scenarios, societies F Ubiquitous, Higher Quality, Lower Cost F Education, Knowledge Sharing, Discovery F Disintermediation -> Collaboration F Universities Reclaim Property F Interactive Courseware, Student Works F Scalable, Sustainable, Usable, Useful

DLs: Why of Global Interest? F National projects can preserve antiquities and heritage: cultural, historical, linguistic, scholarly F Knowledge and information are essential to economic and technological growth, education F DL - a domain for international collaboration –wherein all can contribute and benefit –which leverages investment in networking –which provides useful content on Internet & WWW –which will tie nations and peoples together more strongly and through deeper understanding

DL Challenges F Preservation - so people with trust DLs F Supporting infrastructure - networks,... F Scalability, sustainability, interoperability F DL industry - critical mass by covering libraries, archives, museums, corporate info, govt info, personal info - “quality WWW” integrating IR, HT, MM,...

OUTLINE F Introduction –VT, DL, 5S, Education, Chain –Interest, Impact F NDLTD –Overview, History –Members, Collection –Support, Extensions F Conclusion

How to Build a Digital Library F Understand the problem (using the 5S Framework) F Solve the problem (using the Star Methodology) –design, develop, evaluate, –refine, operate

5S Layers Societies Scenarios Spaces Structures Streams

Definition: Digital Libraries are complex systems that F help satisfy info needs of users (societies) F provide info services (scenarios) F organize info in usable ways (structures) F present info in usable ways (spaces) F communicate info with users (streams) F (see also latest issue of Information Processing and Management)

Definition: 5S Framework F Societies: interacting people (, computers) F Scenarios: services, functions, operations, methods F Spaces: domains + constraints (e.g., distance, adjacency): 2D, vector, probability F Structures: relations, trees, nodes and arcs F Streams: sequences of items (text, audio, video, network traffic)

5S: Components F Societies: roles, rituals, reasons, relationships, artifacts F Scenarios: acquire, index, consult, administer, preserve F Spaces: physical, temporal, functional, presentational, conceptual F Structures: architectures, taxonomies, schema, grammars, links, objects F Streams: granularities, protocols, paths, flows, turbulences

Star Methodology

OUTLINE F Introduction –VT, DL, 5S, Education, Chain –Interest, Impact F NDLTD –Overview, History –Members, Collection –Support, Extensions F Conclusion

DLs --- Educational Implications F Support distance education F Level the playing field by giving everyone access to high quality resources F Enrich learning by giving access to primary rather than secondary materials/objects F Integrate simulations, visualizations, and multi-modal presentations to enhance learning F Allow learn-at-your-own-pace, ensuring success F Allow specialized interfaces, or embedded DL for rich support of learning activities

How do universities and digital libraries relate? F Each U. will have its own digital library. Hence there will be large numbers (i.e., critical mass). F All students will learn how to use and how to “feed” digital libraries (and bring those habits to future work as needs and skills). F All digital library problems (esp. federation, flexibility, personalization) appear at U’s (so they are a good type of testbed, with willing collaborators in-place for developing solutions).

SMETE Library (from F Context: Global movement toward Digital Libraries (see April 1998 CACM) F NSF effort: Science, Mathematics, Engineering, and Technology Education Digital Library (focussed on undergraduates) –3 workshops, yearly increasing funds / new calls F SMETE Library likely to operate as distributed federation, with separate parts for each key discipline, and to lead to a global effort

OUTLINE F Introduction –VT, DL, 5S, Education, Chain –Interest, Impact F NDLTD –Overview, History –Members, Collection –Support, Extensions F Conclusion

DLs Shorten the Chain from Editor Publisher A&I Consolidator Library Reviewer

DLs Shorten the Chain to Editor A&I Digital Library Reviewer

OUTLINE F Introduction –VT, DL, 5S, Education, Chain –Interest, Impact F NDLTD –Overview, History –Members, Collection –Support, Extensions F Conclusion

DLs: Broad Impact F DLs should be in companies F DLs should be in government (integrated) F DLs should be built for all types of data, information, and knowledge –covering knowledge management –covering data mining, IR, discovery, visualization –promoting specialized work on all types of collections for all types of user groups F DLs should encompass libraries, archives, museums, and other institutions -- we can now store all data generated!

OUTLINE F Introduction –VT, DL, 5S, Education, Chain –Interest, Impact F NDLTD –Overview, History –Members, Collection –Support, Extensions F Conclusion

A Digital Library Case Study F Domain: graduate education, research F Genre:ETDs=electronic theses & dissertations F Submission: F Collection: Project: Networked Digital Library of Theses & Dissertations (NDLTD)

Media ETD Web Site ETDs Got Your Interest? Graduate Students Singapore AM Chronicle of Higher Ed. National Public Radio NY Times... U. Laval

Key Ideas: Networked infrastructure Scalability Education is the rationale University collaboration Workflow, automation Authors must submit Maximal access PDF, SGML, MM Standards Federated search 8th graders vs. grads MARC, DC, URNs

OUTLINE F Introduction –VT, DL, 5S, Education, Chain –Interest, Impact F NDLTD –Overview, History –Members, Collection –Support, Extensions F Conclusion

What led to today’s meeting? F 1987 mtg in Ann Arbor: UMI, VT, … F 1992 mtg in Washington: CNI, CGS, UMI, VT and 10 universities with 3 reps each F 1993 mtg in Atlanta to start Monticello Electronic Library (MEL): SURA, SOLINET F 1994 mtg in Blacksburg re ETD project: std of PDF + SGML + multimedia objects F 1996 funding by SURA, US Dept. of Education (FIPSE) for regional, national projects F 1997 meetings in UK, Germany,...

Status of the Local Project F Approved by university governance Spring 1996; required starting 1/1/97 F Submission & access software in place F Submission workshops for students (and faculty) occur often: beginner/adv. F Faculty training as part of Faculty Development Initiative F Over 2000 ETDs in collection

OUTLINE F Introduction –VT, DL, 5S, Education, Chain –Interest, Impact F NDLTD –Overview, History, Activities –Members, Collection –Support, Extensions F Conclusion

F Aiding universities to enhance grad educ., publishing and IPR efforts F Helping improve the availability and content of theses and dissertations F Educating ALL future scholars so they can publish electronically and effectively use digital libraries (i.e., are Information Literate and can be more expressive) What are we doing?

What are the long term goals? F 400K US students / year getting grad degrees are exposed / involved F 200K/yr rich hypermedia ETDs that may turn into electronic portfolios F Dramatic increase in knowledge sharing: lit. reviews, bibliographies, … F Services providing lifelong access for students: browse, search, prior searches, citation links

OUTLINE F Introduction –VT, DL, 5S, Education, Chain –Interest, Impact F NDLTD –Overview, History, Process –Members, Collection –Support, Extensions F Conclusion

NDLTD Computer Resources Research Literature Student Prepares Thesis or Dissertation

Student Defends and Finalizes ETD My Thesis ETD

Student Gets Committee Signatures and Submits ETD Signed Grad School

Graduate School Approves ETD Student is Graduated Ph.D.

Library Catalogs ETD and New Students Have Access to the New Research WWW NDLTD

OUTLINE F Introduction –VT, DL, 5S, Education, Chain –Interest, Impact F NDLTD –Overview, History –Members, Collection –Support, Extensions F Conclusion

Institutional Members F Coalition for Networked Information (CNI) F Committee on Inst. Coop. (CIC) F Diplomica.com F Dissertation.com F Ibero-American Science & Technology Education Consortium (ISTEC) F National Library of Portugal F Organization of American States (OAS) F UNESCO

US University Members F U. of Iowa F U. of Maine F U. of Oklahoma F U. of South Florida F U. of Tennessee, Knoxville F U. of Tennessee, Memphis F U. of Texas at Austin F U. of Virginia F U. Wisconsin - Madison F Vanderbilt U. F Virginia Tech - required since 1/97 F West Virginia U. - required beginning fall 1998 F Worcester Polytechnic Inst. F Air University (Alabama) F Cal Tech F Clemson University F College of William & Mary F Concordia University (Illinois) F East Tenn. State University F Florida Institute of Tech. F Florida International University F Michigan Tech F Naval Postgraduate School (CA) F North Carolina State U. F Penn. State University F Rochester Institute of Tech. F U. of Florida F U. of Georgia F University of Hawaii, Manoa

Australian Project Members F U. New South Wales (lead institution) F U. of Melbourne F U. of Queensland F U. of Sydney F Australian National University F Curtin U. of Technology F Griffith U.

German Project Members F Humboldt University (lead institution) F 3 other universities F 5 learned societies –Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Sociology, Education F 1 computing center F 2 major libraries

Other International Members F Chinese University of Hong Kong F Chungnam National U., Dept of CS (S. Korea) F City University, London (UK) F Darmstadt U. of Tech. (Germany) F Free University of Berlin (Germany - Vet. Med.) F Gyeongsang National U. (Korea) F India Institute of Technology, Bombay (India) F Nanyang Technological U. (Singapore, part) F National U. of Singapore (Singapore, part) F *National Library of Portugal F Polytechnic University of Valencia (Spain) F Rhodes U. (South Africa) F St. Petersburg St. Tech.U (Russia) F Univ. de las Américas Puebla (Mexico) F Univ. of Pisa (Italy) F U. Laval; U. of Guelph; U. Waterloo; Wilfrid Laurier U. (Canada)

OUTLINE F Introduction –VT, DL, 5S, Education, Chain –Interest, Impact F NDLTD –Overview, History –Members: NUDL, Collection –Support, Extensions F Conclusion

NUDL F 1/15/99 NUDL proposal to NSF under DLI2 international program –VT: Library, Grad School, Industrial&Systems Eng. –Partners: UK (2), Singapore, Russia, Korea, Greece, Germany, plus Iberoamerican group (Spain, Portugal, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico) –Problems: Multilingual search, multimedia submissions, requirements/usability, … F Start with ETDs, then expand to other student works, portfolios, data sets, (CS) courseware,...

NUDL Partners F Ricardo A. Baeza-Yates, Universidad de Chile, Chile F José Luis Brinquete Borbinha, Biblioteca Nacional, Portugal F José Hilario Canós Cerdá, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain F Stavros Christodoulakis, Technical University of Crete, Greece F Lautaro Guerra Genskowsky, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa Maria,Chile F Juan José Goldschtein, Univesidad de Belgrano, Argentina F Peter Diepold, Humboldt University, Germany F Francisco Javier Jaén Martinez, Spain F Sung Hyon Myaeng, Chungnam National University, Korea F Ana Maria Beltran Pavani, Prédio Cardeal Leme, Brazil F Lim Ee Peng, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore F Alexander I. Plemnek, St.-Petersburg State Technical University, Russia F J. Alfredo Sánchez, Universidad de las Américas-Puebla, Mexico

OUTLINE F Introduction –VT, DL, 5S, Education, Chain –Interest, Impact F NDLTD –Overview, History –Members, Collection –Support, Extensions F Conclusion

Access Statistics Total successful requests:37,171247,573628,401 Av. successful requests/day: ,690 Requests for.PDF files: 4,600 72, ,236 Requests for.HTML file28,225129,831215,896 Distinct hosts served 9,015 22,725 36,724 Total data transferred:3,229M 25,953M 74,051M Av. data transferred/day: 9M 73M 222M

Popular Works Seevers, Gary L. Identification of Criteria for Delivery of Theological Education Through Distance Education: An International Delphi Study (Ph.D., Educational Research and Evaluation, April 1993; 1353Kb) 432 Hohauser, Robyn Lisa. The Social Construction of Technology: The Case of LSD (MS in Science and Technology Studies, Feb. 1995; 244Kb) 390 Childress, Vincent William. The Effects of Technology Education, Science, and Mathematics Integration Upon Eighth Grader's Technological Problem-Solving Ability (Ph.D. in Vocational and Technical Education, July 1994; 285Kb) 310 Kuhn, William B. Design of Integrated, Low Power, Radio Receivers in BiCMOS Technologies (Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, Dec. 1995; 2Mb) 287 Sprague, Milo D. A High Performance DSP Based System Architecture for Motor Drive Control ( MS in Electrical Engineering, May 1993; 878Kb) 165 Wallace, Richard A. Regional Differences in the Treatment of Karl Marx by the Founders of American Academic Sociology (MS in Sociology, Nov. 1993; 479Kb) 150 McKeel, Scott Andrew. Numerical Simulation of the Transition Region in Hypersonic Flow (Ph.D. in Aerospace Engineering, Feb. 1996; 3Mb)

Popular Works Liu, Xiangdong. Analysis and Reduction of Moire Patterns in Scanned Halftone Pictures (Ph.D. in Computer Science, May 1996; 6.6Mb) 7656 Petrus, Paul. Novel Adaptive Array Algorithms and Their Impact on Cellular System Capacity (Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, March 1997; 5Mb) 2781 Agnes, Gregory Stephen. Performance of Nonlinear Mechanical, Resonant-Shunted Piezoelectric, and Electronic Vibration Absorbers for Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Structures (Ph.D. in Engineering Mechanics, Sept. 1997; ? Kb) 2492 Gonzalez, Reinaldo J. Raman, Infrared, X-ray, and EELS Studies of Nanophase Titania (Ph.D. in Physics, July 1996; 4607Kb) 1877 Shih, Po-Jen. On-Line Consolidation of Thermoplastic Composites (Ph.D. in Engineering Mechanics, Feb. 1997; 3.3Mb) 1791 Saldanha, Kevin J. Performance Evaluation of DECT in Different Radio Environments (MS in Electrical Engineering, Aug. 1996; 3.2Mb) 1431 DeVaux, David. A Tutorial on Authorware (MS in CS, April 1996; 2.3Mb) 1394 Kuhn, William B. Design of Integrated, Low Power, Radio Receivers in BiCMOS Technologies (Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, Dec. 1995; 2518Kb)

Popular Works 1998 F K-accesses Mbytes Degree Year Dept Tables/Figures Author F 75, 12, PhD, 1997, ME, 38/174, Maillard F 56, 6.5, PhD, 1996, CS, 8/93, Liu F 20, 3.9, PhD, 1997, EE, 9/121, Laster F 15, 4.9, PhD, 1997, CpE, 17/127, Tripathi F 12, 6.6, MS, 1997, EE, 7/96, Nicoloso F 6.7, 4.6, PhD, 1996, Physics, 8/62 (32 color), Gonzalez

International Use   United Kingdom  6082, Australia  Germany  Canada  South Korea  France  Italy  Netherlands  Brazil  Thailand  Greece

OUTLINE F Introduction –VT, DL, 5S, Education, Chain –Interest, Impact F NDLTD –Overview, History –Members, Collection, Relationships –Support, Extensions F Conclusion

Relationship with publishers F Concern of faculty and students that still wish to publish books or journal articles, voiced: campus, Chronicle, NPR, Times F Solution: Approval Form gives students, faculty choices on access, when to change access condition; use IPR controls in DL F Solution: by case, work with publishers and publisher associations to increase access – AAP, AAUP – AAAS, ACM, ACS, Elsevier,...

Some responses from publishers F ACM: need to acknowledge copyright F Elsevier: need to acknowledge copyright F IEEE-CS: endorse initiative F ACS: After first publication, can release F Textbook publishers: different market, manuscript significantly reworked F General: restricting access to local campus will not cause any problems

Who are sponsors / cooperators? F Funding, Donations of hardware/software –SURA –US Dept. of Education (FIPSE) –Adobe Systems –IBM –Microsoft –OCLC F Others Serving on Steering Committee –National/Regional Projects: Australia, French speaking group, Germany, IberoAmerica (ISTEC), UK (UTOG) –CGS, National Lib. Canada, NSF, OAS, SOLINET, UMI, UNESCO,...

How does this relate to UMI? F 1987 UMI workshop to explore ETDs F Support letter for US Dept. of Ed. proposal F Steering and technical committee membership F ProQuest Direct pilot of scanning works started 1/1/97, free 2 yr access to front part F Collaborating on: – accepting electronic author submissions – standards (e.g., representation), research

ETD Initiative (and UMI) Students Learn about DL, EPub TDs become more expressive N. Amer. (T)Ds are accessible, archived Global TDs become more accessible, archived UMI Universities

OUTLINE F Introduction –VT, DL, 5S, Education, Chain –Interest, Impact F NDLTD –Overview, History –Members, Collection, Access –Support, Extensions F Conclusion

User Search Support (multilingual, XML) Note: All groups shown are connected with NDLTD.

Interoperability Tests Planned F IBM DL: donated equipment, technical support, powerful IPR (see TOIS, D-Lib) F Z39.50: OCLC SiteSearch / VT tailored s/w –university libraries w. catalogs of freely shared MARC records pointing to archival copies –via URNs: handles & PURLs F Dienst / NCSTRL - CS depts., DARPA, NSF, CNRI, Cornell - UVA is working on extensions for ETDs - Portugal is studying use for Europe - VT is working on Dienst to Z39.50 gateway

Access Approaches F Goal: Maximize access and services, e.g., by encouraging: F UMI centralized services F Distributed service: Dienst, Z39.50 F Regional services (e.g., OhioLink, AZ/NM) F Local servers with browse, search – From local catalogs to local archives F WWW robot indexing and search services

OUTLINE F Introduction –VT, DL, 5S, Education, Chain –Interest, Impact F NDLTD –Overview, History –Members, Collection, Involvement –Support, Extensions F Conclusion

Why might a university want to be involved? F To improve graduate education / better prepare your students / increase their knowledge and visibility F To unlock university information F To save money for students and for the university / improve workflow F To build an important digital library

How can a university get involved? F Select planning/implementation team – Graduate School – Library – Computing / Information Technology – Institutional Research / Educ. Tech. F Send us letter, give us contact names F Adapt Virginia Tech solution – Build interest and consensus – Start trial / allow optional submission

Contact Our Project Team Phone Call Visit Video Tape

Convene Local Planning Group ETD

Build Local ETD Site Digital Library Policies Inspection/Approval Workshop/Training ETD

OUTLINE F Introduction –VT, DL, 5S, Education, Chain –Interest, Impact F NDLTD –Overview, History –Members, Collection, Member Types –Support, Extensions F Conclusion

Type 1 Members University Requires ETDs F Adobe Acrobat and/or XML/SGML tools F Automated submission & processing F Archive/access through UMI, (OCLC,) Virginia Tech,... F (Local) WWW site, publicity F (Local) Assistance provided as requested: , phone, listserv(s)

Type 2 Members University Agrees to Require ETDs F Like Type 1 but set date not reached F Usually has an option or pilot F May: wait for new AY; start with all who enter after; … F Build grass roots support – Advisory committee: representative? expert? – Champions to spread by word of mouth – Approval: Senates, Commissions, Deans, Students – Publicity to reach community

NDLTD Members, Types 3-7 F 3. Part of university requires ETDs F 4. University allows ETDs F 5. University investigating, has pilot F 6. University consortium joins: –CIC (Big 10 coordinating body) F 7. Non-university organization joins –CNI (Coalition for Networked Info.)

Everyone Learns F Students become “info literate” F Students learn about discovery, search, categorization/classification, e-pub, preservation, helping others find/reuse F Campus starts to think about IPR –e.g., Virginia Tech symposium F Faculty and students improve quality as reader base expands

OUTLINE F Introduction –VT, DL, 5S, Education, Chain –Interest, Impact F NDLTD –Overview, History –Members, Collection –Support, Extensions F Conclusion

Support Services Developed F WWW site with > 300 Mb, CD, videotape F Automated submission system (MySQL, UNIX, WWW scripts - grad school/library) F Student guidelines, style sheets, multimedia training materials, FAQs, press info F SGML and XML DTDs for ETDs F SGML to HTML (web generator) F LaTeX, Word templates, converters

Support Offered F Software, documentation, tech support F , listservs - eval, -grad, -library, -technical) F Donations: Adobe, Microsoft F Evaluation: instruments, analysis - solutions/statistics F (Temporary storage / archiving; aid - in setting up an int’l service & archive)

PetaPlex F Digital Library Machine (“super” object store) F Parallel computer / storage utility for scale of 1000 to 1,000,000 gigabytes (terabyte/petabyte) F Knowledge Systems Incorporated is supplying VT-PetaPlex-1 with –high speed backbone connection (OC-12) –2.5 terabytes through 100 “Nanoservers”: –Network connection + IBM 25GB disk MHz Pentium II + Linux

OUTLINE F Introduction –VT, DL, 5S, Education, Chain –Interest, Impact F NDLTD –Overview, History –Members, Collection –Support, Extensions F Conclusion

Accessibility Activities / Plans F Interface design (simple, 3D, VR) F Usability studies F Generic multi-lingual support F Support for those with disabilities F Hybrid collection (paper, MARC, abstracts, full-text, multimedia) F Disciplinary classifications, tools F Visualization of results, collection

SPIRE Visualization

Enhancements F Dublin Core spec, MARC crosswalk F DTDs for SGML, XML(+ ML) F Annotation system (author, friends, notes) F Routing system (based on Sift) F Multilingual WWW site, training materials (Spanish recently done in Valencia) F Better federated search (w. Z39.50, planned with Dienst and Harvest - maybe MARIAN)

MARIAN Layers Database Layer Search Engine Layer User Information Layer User Interface Layer User

OUTLINE F Introduction –VT, DL, 5S, Education, Chain –Interest, Impact F NDLTD –Overview, History –Members, Collection –Support, Extensions F Conclusion

Future Work - 1 of 2 F Working with publishers to increase level of access as much as possible F Interoperability tests among universities and with UMI to provide integrated services F Study with testbed that emerges, to improve information retrieval, browsing, interface, and other types of user support F Evaluation, improving learning experience, spread to worldwide initiative, sustainable support and coordination

Future Work - 2 of 2 F Adding services currently prototyped –annotation and SDI (routing) capabilities –Dublic Core metadata, crosswalk to MARC –support with IBM DL, OCLC SiteSearch F Adding other services planned –building and using citation database (w. SFX) –implementing plagiarism check (like “SCAM”) F Developing NUDL as a sustainable self governing global institution (w. committees) including active participation in Japan

Invitations! F Use 5S (to understand, build DLs) F Join NDLTD and NUDL F Work to expand and improve ETD efforts worldwide: dissemination, standardization, R&D