Chapter 7 - Drugs

Drugs and Crime Drug – natural or synthetic, affects humans psychologically or physiologically Drug – natural or synthetic, affects humans psychologically or physiologically When taken for pleasure, they are known as “drugs of abuse” or “illicit drugs” When taken for pleasure, they are known as “drugs of abuse” or “illicit drugs”

Controlled Substances Act All drugs covered by law are “controlled” All drugs covered by law are “controlled”

The Problem with Drugs Dependency Dependency Theft Theft Violence Violence Robberies Robberies Domestic disputes Domestic disputes Health problems Health problems Loss of productivity Loss of productivity

Interesting Facts Drug use costs society about $110 billion a year Drug use costs society about $110 billion a year 75% male adults arrested in NY City for violent crimes tested positive for drugs 75% male adults arrested in NY City for violent crimes tested positive for drugs 64% in Albuquerque and Fort Lauderdale 64% in Albuquerque and Fort Lauderdale ¼ to ½ of all domestic violence is drug related ¼ to ½ of all domestic violence is drug related 81% of child neglect cases were associated with drugs 81% of child neglect cases were associated with drugs 3.2 % (80,000) of pregnant women are drug users 3.2 % (80,000) of pregnant women are drug users

Drugs in the Crime Lab 75% of evidence examined is drug related 75% of evidence examined is drug related Pharmaceutical companies send samples to the FBI for each new drug Pharmaceutical companies send samples to the FBI for each new drug

5 Categories of Controlled Drugs Schedule I Schedule I – No accepted medical use and high abuse potential – Hashish, marijuana, GHB, peyote Schedule II Schedule II – High abuse potential with severe psychic or physical dependence liability – Narcotic, stimulant, depressants – Scripts typewritten or in ink, no renewals – PCP (can be used to reduce blood pressure)

5 Categories of Drugs Schedule III Schedule III – Less abuse potential, narcotic and non-narcotic – Scripts may be oral or written – Up to 5 renewals per 6 months – Anabolic steroids Schedule IV Schedule IV – Less abuse potential – Scripts may be oral or written, up to 5 renewals per 6 months – Rohypnol Schedule V Schedule V – Less abuse potential – Scripts may not be required – Antidiarrheals

Classification of Illicit Drugs Hallucinogens Hallucinogens – Most widely used is marijuana “hash oil” can have 50% of the active ingredient “hash oil” can have 50% of the active ingredient Slows reactions, impairs coordination, reduces the ability to concentrate Slows reactions, impairs coordination, reduces the ability to concentrate – LSD (ergot alkaloids) visual and auditory hallucinations Blotter acid, microdots, window panes Blotter acid, microdots, window panes Teratogen Teratogen Causes psychosis and flashbacks Causes psychosis and flashbacks

– PCP Insensitivity to pain, feelings of superstrength, rage, memory loss, paranoia Insensitivity to pain, feelings of superstrength, rage, memory loss, paranoia Often mixed with marijuana or LSD (angel dust) Often mixed with marijuana or LSD (angel dust) – MDMA Ecstasy Ecstasy Stimulates and causes hallucinations Stimulates and causes hallucinations Confusion, depression, paranoia, anxiety Confusion, depression, paranoia, anxiety – Ketamine (special K) Animal tranquilizer Animal tranquilizer Raves Raves Delirium, amnesia Delirium, amnesia

Stimulants Stimulants – Increases energy and suppresses appetite – Restlessness and anxiety then depression – Caffeine to methamphetamines and cocaine Narcotics Narcotics – Analgesics – Opium, morphine, codeine, Tylenol, fentanyl (China White), Methadone

Depressants Depressants – Ethyl alcohol – Barbiturates (Nembutal), Valium – Highly addictive

Physicians Desk Reference (PDR) Illustrated dictionary of medicines and drugs Illustrated dictionary of medicines and drugs Updated each year Updated each year

Tests Gas, paper, and thin- layer chromatography (TLC) Gas, paper, and thin- layer chromatography (TLC) UV and infrared spectrophotometry UV and infrared spectrophotometry Mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry Spot tests Spot tests Qualitative analysis Qualitative analysis

Spot Tests May get false positives May get false positives Gives a certain color if a drug is present Gives a certain color if a drug is present Must use another test to confirm Must use another test to confirm

Presumptive Test Duquenois-Levine test Duquenois-Levine test – Turns purple when marijuana is present – Presumptive test (spot test)

Confirmatory Test Infrared spectroscopy or mass spectrometry Infrared spectroscopy or mass spectrometry

Cocaine IR Spec

Aspirin IR Spec

Now, look on pg. 155 and answer question on p. 156