Reconstruction Ends  Section 4

15th Amendment  Passed in 1870  The 15th Amendment gave African American men the right to vote.  Women’s rights activists were angry because the amendment did not grant women the right to vote.

Voting Rights in the South:  “Poll tax” said former slaves had to pay a tax to vote  “Grandfather Clause” said a person could only vote if their grandfather had voted  Literacy Tests: difficult reading tests given to former slaves; if not passed, then you couldn’t vote.

Poll Tax Receipt:

Ku Klux Klan  In 1866, the KKK was created by a group of white southerners.  The KKK was a secret society opposed to African Americans obtaining civil rights, particularly the right to vote.  Used violence and intimidation to frighten blacks.

Segregation and Jim Crow  Segregation - the legal separation of blacks and whites in public places  Jim Crow Laws - laws that forced segregation  Starting in 1881, blacks had to stay in separate hotels, sit in separate parts of theaters, ride in separate rail cars, and have separate schools, libraries, and parks. This is known as segregation.

End of Grant’s Presidency:  1872 – Ulysses S. Grant – elected for a 2 nd term  Country went into a depression economically  Depression lasted almost 4 years  Northerners grew tired of high taxes to pay for reconstruction

Rutherford B. Hayes 19th President Republican elected in 1877 Was the Governor of Ohio Told Southern Democrats he would end reconstruction if they voted for him. He won the election.

IMAGES OF JIM CROW Don Spooner and Chris Harper

The "Jim Crow" figure was a fixture of the minstrel shows that toured the South; a white man made up as a black man sang and mimicked stereotypical behavior in the name of comedy.

Another in a series of racist posters attacking Radical Republican exponents of black suffrage, issued during the 1866 PA gubernatorial race.

Sheet music cover illustration with caricatures of ragged African-American musicians and dancers

Sheet music cover illustration with caricatures of ragged African-American musicians and dancers

The most recognizable trademark in the world by 1900, Bull Durham tobacco ads and trading cards typically depicted caricatures of foolish looking or silly acting blacks to draw attention to its product. Each ad has a green bull somewhere in the image.

Two silly looking black hunters have all the equipment for the hunt, but no match with which to light their cigarettes. The hunters are exaggerated images of blacks trying to imitate white people at sport. Notice the trademark green bull in the background. The Bull Durham bull together with the stereotypical images of blacks were a standard part of America's popular culture at the turn of the century.

Nicodemus, Kansas, 1870s: Middle class settler's homestead.

Philadelphia, 1889: Removing an African American from a Philadelphia Railway car--after the implementation of Jim Crow, the integration imposed by Reconstruction was stripped away by new laws.

The costumes and rituals of the new Ku Klux Klan became symbols of terror in America during the first three decades of the twentieth century. (1915). The new Klan spread all over the nation with a membership numbering over three million in the 1920s.

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, July 1939: "Colored" water fountains were fixtures throughout the South during the Jim Crow era.

Washington DC, Ku Klux Klan Parade

Fort Lauderdale, Florida, Lynching of Rubin Stacy for allegedly attacking a white woman

Child on Trepagnier plantation near Norco, Louisana

Waco, Texas

Section Hand, Alma Plantation, False River, Louisiana

Tenant farmers

Memphis, Tennesee

Durham, North Carolina

Detroit 1944: Pallbearers with casket walking in front of sign reading "here lies Jim Crow" during the NAACP Detroit branch "Parade for Victory."

TEST REMINDER:  Reconstruction TEST:  Friday, 9/13  Week Reflection / post test