Genus of flowering plants (Cannabaceae) that include 3 species Cannabis sativa, C. indica and C. ruderalis Indigenous to Central Asia and South Asia Cannabis has long been used for Hemp Food Medicinal purposes Psychoactive drug

Cannabis plants produce a unique family of terpeno- phenolic compounds called cannabinoids 60 cannabinoids have been isolated from the hemp plant and there are naturally occurring cannabinoids in most species called endocannabinoids, in a similar fashion as endorphins (opiates) have been found. Cannabidiol (CBD) and/or Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)CBDTHC ratio of THC to CBD

There are two main receptors for cannabinoids in humans CB1(in brain) if stimulated produces Euphoria Impaired short term memory and sense of time CB2 (in spleen, peripheral sites) if stimulated produces Immunosuppressant activity Not psychoactive

MARIJUANA HASHISH HASH OIL THC

Marijuana Not a single drug but a complex mixture of over 400 chemicals Dried flowering tops and leaves of the plant THC concentration 0.5% - 5% in the past, now up to 20 – 25% It can be baked into cookies or cakes. Dried cannabis buds

Dried, sticky resin of Cannabis plant. Sold in solid pieces, ranging in colour from light brown to black; ; in texture from dry and hard to soft and crumbly. Usually crumbled and smoked in pipe or hand- rolled cigarette with tobacco or marijuana. THC concentration, 2 - 8% or higher Hashish, hash

Thick, greenish-black, reddish-brown or yellow oil. obtained by extracting hashish with an organic solvent. Usually wiped onto a cigarette or rubbed into tobacco and smoked. THC concentration % Hash Oil oil, honey oil

delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 -THC), Δ 1 -THC Noncrystalline, waxy liquid at room temperature 11-hydroxy THC 11-Nor-9-carboxy THC (-) Trans-isomer (Marinol) is 6 to 100 times more potent than (+) trans-isomer(Dronabinol) Water insoluble

Reduces the nausea and loss of appetite associated with chemotherapy Can reduce pain signaling Can be used to treat the discomfort of AIDS Can reduce the pressure increases in the eye associated with glaucoma multiple sclerosis, epilepsy

How is it used? Leaves and flowering tips are dried Smoked Consumed as tea Mixed into food Resin from flowering heads Smoked Mixed with tobacco Alcohol extract (cannabis oil) is mixed with tobacco and smoked

Effects of smoking are felt within a few minutes and last two to four hours. Effects from ingestion (e.g., eaten in baked or cooked foods) appear more gradually and last longer, and the person may feel dull and sluggish for some time afterwards.

Cerebellum Hippocampus Cerebral cortex, especially cingulate, frontal, and parietal regions Nucleus accumbens Basal ganglia Body movement coordination Learning and memory Higher cognitive functions Reward Movement control

Calm, relaxed, talkative and sometimes drowsy. Concentration and short-term memory are markedly impaired. Sensory perception seems enhanced, colours are brighter, sounds are more distinct. Sense of time and space is distorted. Appetite increases, especially for sweets. impaired coordination and balance, rapid heartbeat, red eyes, dry mouth and throat. Some experience hallucinations with larger doses and symptoms worsen in persons with psychiatric disorders, particularly schizophrenia.

decreased motivation and interest, as well as difficulties with memory and concentration. The respiratory system is damaged by smoking

There is some evidence that tolerance develops in regular high-dose users. Psychological and physical dependence on cannabis can occur in people who use heavily or regularly. Withdrawal symptoms include anxiety, irritability, sleeping problems, sweating and loss of appetite.