Multidimensional Poverty Assessment: Experience of Ukraine Inna Ossipova Household Survey Department State Statistics Service of Ukraine

Poverty is an inability caused by lack of funds to maintain standard of living inherent to a given society in a given period of time. Poverty level is a share of population (households) whose consumption (income) level per capita is below an established poverty threshold. Poverty line is a level of income (expenditures) below which it is impossible to satisfy basic needs. Subsistence minimum is a cost estimate of an adequate set of food products to ensure normal functioning of a human body and health and a minimum set of non- food goods and services essential to satisfy basic social and cultural needs of a person. Subsistence minimum is established for different social and demographic subgroups of population and used as a basis for defining state social guarantees.

Thresholds and criteria for measuring poverty Official poverty monitoring: 75% of median monthly expenditures per capita used as a relative poverty threshold and 60% of the median used as an extreme poverty threshold (poverty is measured based on expenditures); official subsistence minimum used as an absolute poverty threshold (based on income); $5 per capita a day by purchasing power parity (PPP) used as an absolute poverty threshold for international comparisons (based on expenditures). Monitoring of Millennium Development Goal 1, to eradicate extreme poverty: 75% of median equalized monthly expenditures per capita (based on expenditures); actual subsistence minimum (estimated based on the official subsistence minimum and actual prices), (based on expenditures); $5 per capita a day by purchasing power parity (PPP) (based on expenditures). All monetary poverty indicators are monitored through using an equivalence scale whereby the first household member is assigned a factor of 1 and each other member is assigned a factor 0.7.

Poverty rates over time, by main defining criteria, Consumption expenditures below $5 per capita a day, by PPP Income below official subsistence minimum Expenditures below 60% of median equivalized monthly expenditures per capita a day

Poverty indicators based on different criteria, Food expenditures 60% and above Considered themselves as poor Couldn’t afford even adequate food Daily energy intake below 2100 kcal Permanently denied themselves in basic things except for food Had 4 and more deprivations out of 18, %

Deprivation poverty characterizes limited possibilities of some population related to the access to certain benefits not only those satisfying basic physiological needs, but also the needs attributed to personal development and adequate level of comfort. The national list included 18 deprivation attributes. Deprivation poverty line is defined as a presence of at least 4 out of 18 attributes. All attributes were tested for: - frequency (attributes that were present in the majority of households were chosen) - consensus ((most of the respondents found them essential for adequate living). - correlation with the welfare level. The Pearson correlation coefficients for almost all types of deprivations indicated high correlation between the incidence of each deprivation and the level of household income (The coefficients were calculated using distributions of equalized per capita incomes and incidence of deprivations among decile groups of population).

Deprivations % of households that in 2013 Pearson correlation coefficient considered as poverty attributes had poverty attributes Economic deprivation 1. Food - Not enough money to provide oneself with basic inexpensive food products Non-food products Not enough money for - renewal when necessary of outwear and footwear for cold weather for adults once in 5 years purchase when necessary of outwear and footwear for children Lack of - a TV set a refrigerator Household housing conditions Lack of housing in adequate condition (available housing requires major repair, is damp, shabby, old) Not enough money to pay in time and in full housing and utilities bills or for gas used for cooking Availability of living space not exceeding 5 m2 per person Healthcare - Not enough money to pay for necessary - health services (except for dentist) in a health facility (in the absence or difficulty to obtain such services free of charge), analyses, examinations and procedures prescribed by a doctor medicines and medical equipment prescribed by a doctor inpatient treatment without a surgery (if such service is unavailable free of charge) or a vital surgery (except for cosmetic) and subsequent inpatient treatment (if such services are unavailable free of charge) Education and early childhood care Not enough money to receive some professional education

Deprivations % of households that in 2013 Pearson correlation coefficient considered as poverty attributes had poverty attributes Infrastructure development 1 Lack of retail stores close to home Lack of establishments providing consumer services (hairdressing, laundry, dry-cleaning, clothes, footwear and home appliances repair, etc.) in the neighbourhood Lack of a health facility (medical and obstetric centre, outpatient clinic, polyclinic), a drugstore close to home Lack of access to modern emergency ambulance services in the locality Lack of pre-school facilities (kindergartens, nurseries) close to home Lack of regular daily transport connection with another locality with higher level of infrastructure (shop network, cultural and educational facilities, etc.)

Poverty rates estimated using different criteria, 2013 Poor by relative measure 24.5% (10.7 mln) Poor by deprivations 21.7% (9.5 mln.) Poor by absolute measure 8.4% (3.7 mln.) 4.0% 1.1% 0.5% 2.8% 5.0% 13.4% 12.7% Poor by absolute measure Poor by deprivations Poor by relative measure

In 2013, out of the total population at risk of relative poverty 32% had 4 and more deprivations. Among the population who suffered from absolute poverty measured by income 40% had the same number of deprivations. Out of 22% of the population with 4 or more deprivations, 15% were categorized as poor by income and 36% of population was at relative poverty risk. Three percent of the population was at risk of absolute, relative and deprivation poverty simultaneously. These were mostly single parent families living in rural areas. Usually, only one person works in such households. Thirty nine percent of the population was affected at least by one of these forms of poverty (17 million) When using monetary approaches, the highest poverty risks are typical for families with many children and families that have children and unemployed members. Higher risks are also found in households with 2 or more children and children under 3 years. When using non-monetary approaches, the highest poverty risk is found in the households comprised of only elder persons (75 years and over).

Household Livings Standards Survey Estimates for figures after changes due to ATO and annexation of Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol TotalCitiesTownsRuralTotalCitiesTownsRural Sample size, households 13, ,2883,0963,64512, ,5523,1503,526 Locations Participation rate, % 2013 (actual) Q (actual) % of total households

Outlook The existing system of statistical monitoring is incapable of identifying all aspects related to such a new phenomenon as sudden household poverty caused by warfare. To better understand the situation it is essential to look into additional sources of information alongside with traditional ones. Introduction of a household income concept harmonized with the Eurostat requirements in the statistical practice of Ukraine – these activities are included into the Action Plan for implementation of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union for (Item 213) approved by the Government in September The deprivation-related content of the surveys will be enlarged with a number of new indicators related to social participation and material deprivation among children. Estimates of poverty rates, including material deprivation poverty, will be carried out using European methodologies.