Chapter 3 Part III An Age of Empires Zhou, Qin, Han Dynasties AP World History 8000 BCE CE

Timeline of Classical China  Shang: BCE  Zhou: BCE  Era of Warring States: 402 BCE BCE  Qin: BCE  Han: 202 BCE CE

Chapter 3 pages 133  Question: Why was the Chinese empire able to take shape so quickly compared to Roman which took centuries?

1. Identify this statue. Who does it show, and where is it from? This male figure in full body armor and rolled-up long hair in a kneeling position is part of the immense funerary complex constructed for the Chinese ruler Qin Shihuangdi, founder of the Qin Dynasty, from about 221 B. C. E. The unearthed complex revealed a Terra Cotta Army of roughly 6,000 soldiers of varying heights. This figure’s position—the right elbow resting on the right knee with the right shoulder forward, both hands pointing downward on his left—suggests that he once held a bow as an archer in Qin Shihuangdi’s army. 2. Discuss the craft and artistic value of this statue. The statue is finely detailed with almost lifelike facial features and carefully carved clothing that shows folds in the archer’s scarf and sleeves. His position is anatomically accurate and proportionate, making this statue the work of a highly skilled sculptor. 3. Consider the fact that this statue was one of 6,000 similar figures. How does this shape your interpretation of the artifact’s significance? The scale of the Terra Cotta Army turns this individual example of artistic capability into a testimony to the power of empires in the second wave of civilizations. Not only did Qin Shihuangdi lord over a vast army that could bring other Chinese kingdoms under his control; he also commandeered more than 700,000 conscript workers to build a shrine and an army for his afterlife. This statue is an excellent example of the rise of empire and the god-like self- representations of the heads of these new vast states.

Chinese Dynastic Cycle 1.New family establishes dynasty (new institutions, economy) 2.Dynasty grows weak 3.Social Divisions Increase 4.Internal rebellions and/or external rebellions 5.New dynasty emerges

Mandate of Heaven  Belief that the gods transfer their power to a specific family in China that is meant to establish a dynasty and rule the region  Emperors were Sons of Heaven

Zhou  Social  Rise of a strong, landowning class; inherit social status  Patriarchal  Political  Loose alliance of regional princes, depended on loyalty; relatively weak rulers  Exchange land for promise of taxes and military - Feudalism  Landowners become more powerful than rulers  Interactions  Expanded the Middle Kingdom  Cultural  Banned human sacrifice; formalized religious practices; Ancestor worship; focus on harmony  Promoted use of one language for everyone  End of dynasty leads to development of new philosophies (Confucianism)  Tea ceremonies; chopsticks  Economic  Agriculture dominated (N-wheat; S-rice)

Period of Warring States  480–221 BCE  Competing interests of landowning class and ruling class cause political turmoil  Landowners raise own military - origins of regional warlords  No political unity - China is exceptionally weak  Cultural innovations survive  Results in new philosophies

Shi Huangdi and Li Si  Suppressed Confucianism  Eliminated rival centers of authority  Abolished primogeniture and slavery  Constructed a rural economy of free land-owning/tax- paying farmers  They standardized weights and measures  Knit the empire together with roads  Defended it with a long wall  The oppressive nature of the Qin regime and its exorbitant demands for taxes and labor led to a number of popular rebellions that overthrew the dynasty after the death of Shi Huangdi in 210 b.c.e.

Rise of Chinese Philosophies  Confucianism  Daoism/Taoism  Legalism

Confucianism  Confucius (K’ung Fu Tzu)  Period of Warring States  Scholar - history, music, ethics  Main Writing: The Analects  Promoted by followers - Mencius

Main Ideas  Restore social order, harmony and good government to China  Ethical systems based on relationships and personal virtue  Emphasized family  Filial piety - respect for parents and elders is necessary for order  Early Zhou Dynasty was seen as perfect society  Inferiors devoted to service  Superiors looked after dependents

Confucianism  Five Basic Relationships in Society  Ruler/Subject  Father/Son  Husband/Wife  Older Brother/Younger Brother  Friend/Friend  Chinese gentleman - education and moral standards; birth status not important  Bureaucracy - those who help run government  Courteous, precise, generous, just/fair

Women in Confucianism  According to the ideals of the upper classes, women were to cook, take care of household chores, respect their parents-in-law, and obey their husbands  Lower-class women may have been less constrained. Marriages were arranged, and a new wife had to prove herself to her husband and to her mother-in-law through hard work, obedience, devotion, and by bearing sons.

Daoism/Taoism  Founded by Lao Tze ( BCE)  Main Writing: Tao-te-Ching (The Way of Virtue)  Human actions are not important  Most important part of society is natural order of things  The Tao (The Way) - guides all things

Daoism/Taoism  Search for knowledge and understanding of nature  To understand nothing, it is best to do nothing, to observe nature  Nature is not jealous or power hungry  Does not argue about right or wrong, good or bad

Legalism  Practical, political reaction to Confucianism  Han Feizi - 3rd century BCE  Powerful and efficient government is key to restoring order  Laws will end civil war and restore harmony  Rewards to good subjects and punish disobedient  Rulers must control ideas and actions of people  Favored by Shi Huangdi during Qin dyansty

Qin Dynasty  Emerges out of end of Zhou Dynasty/Period of Warring States  Founder: Shi Huangdi (“First Emperor”)  Established a strong centralized state on the Legalist model  Goals:  Unify and expand China  Restore order

 Social  Primogeniture eliminated (practice of having eldest son inherit all property and land)  Nobles must leave land and live in Emperor’s court  Political  Emperor had complete control over all aspects of society  Use of brutality and force to accomplish goals  Bureaucracy (not of the nobility) expanded to help control all regions  National census  Single law code  Interactions  Army expanded to crush rivals and regional rebellions  Expanded territory of China, including Hong Kong  Influenced parts of Vietnam through conquest  Expanded infrastructure to increase interactions

 Cultural  Confucianism looked down upon and followers persecuted  Legalism promoted  Architectural: Initiates construction of Great Wall; Terracotta Soldiers/Tomb of Shi Huangdi  Uniform written language  Banned books  Economic  Introduced standard weights and measures  Eliminated the very rare practice of slavery  Forced labor necessary for construction projects  Extremely high taxes  Sponsored agricultural projects (irrigation) and manufacturing of silk

Visual Source 3.3 page160

Why did the Qin Dynasty Fall?  Shi Huangdi  Extremely paranoid; killed off suspected enemies (nobles, intellectuals, warlords)  Desire to control EVERYTHING  High taxes, forced labor  Shi Huangdi dies in 210 BCE; followed by 8 years of peasant revolts to determine successor - winner establishes Han Dynasty

Establishment of Han Dynasty 202 BCE CE  Liu Bang - leads peasant revolts after death of Shi Huangdi  202 BCE - Liu Bang has eliminated almost all of his competition through military might and diplomacy  After a period of consolidation, the Han went through a period of territorial expansion under Emperor Wu (r. 140–87 b.c.e.)  During the Western Han period (202 b.c.e.–8 c.e.) the capital was at Chang’an.  During the Eastern Han (23–22 c.e.) the capital was at Luoyang.

Han Society  Some lower classes allowed into bureaucracy  Strict emphasis on family relationships  Women  Patriarchal  Some could gain influence through male relatives  Three main groups:  Landowners & educated bureaucrats  Peasants and Artisans  “Mean People” - merchants, actors, musicians

Han Politics/Government  Centralized administration, with less brutality than Qin dynasty  Improved bureaucracy  Attacked warlords/regional princes  Focused less on military buildup  Emphasized Confucianism - education for bureaucrats  Wu Ti - most famous emperor ( BCE)  Brought peace to much of Asia  Expanded territory  Civil Service Examination

Han Interactions  Expansion into Korea, Vietnam and Central Asia  Expanded contact/trade with India and Persian empires  Later with Roman Empire

Han Culture  Treated Confucianism as religion-shrines constructed  Gov’t promoted philosophy  Continued construction of Great Wall  Innovations - Seismograph, anatomical research, hygiene  Animal collars  Pulleys and gears  Increased production of textiles  Water-power mills  Paper

Han Economy  Taxes lower than Qin, but get higher as dynasty progresses  Copper coins  Required people to work on gov’t projects  Gov’t influenced and controlled parts of economy  Iron and Salt production  Weights and Measures  Trade - silk, jewelry, leather goods, agricultural goods  Public works programs - canal systems  Store surplus of rice and grain