REMEMBER ! PLACEMENT TEST per i ritardatari contattate dott’ssa Eade: RICEVIMENTO BOWLES Lunedi 10-11, Venerdi DIDATTICA WEB Lingua Inglese 1 LLEM “Files” e “Comunicazioni” 1

What you need to pass the exam if you are attending classes Material from “Files” (handout, powerpoint, documents, summaries) Website Regular study and practice every week 2

What you need to pass the exam if you are NOT attending classes Material from “Files” (handout, powerpoint, documents, summaries) Website Regular practice every week Books in bibliography 3

Bibliography (if you need to understand further/better) Roach, P. English Phonetics and Phonology. Cambridge University Press Carstairs-McCarthy A., An introduction to English morphology. Edinburgh University Press Thomas, L. Beginning Syntax. Blackwell. 4

What you will find in the exam Written exam Questions on each lesson - 50% phonetics/phonology - 20% syntax - 30% morphology 5

LINGUA INGLESE 1 modulo A/B Introduction to English Linguistics mod.B prof. Hugo Bowles Lesson 3 Morphology 6

Structure UsePragmatics Meaning (semantics) Grammar Medium of Transmission PhoneticsPhonologyMorphologySyntaxLexiconDiscourse Structure of Spoken Language (from Crystal 1997)

8 Morphology The study of the structure of words or how to analyse “elephant” and “supercalifrgilisticexpialidocios”

How are they related? Grammar Syntax Morphology 9

CLASSIFYING GRAMMAR

CLASSIFYING MORPHOLOGY

THE OVERALL PICTURE

simple and complex words Morphology helps you to distinguish between simple and complex words. This lesson aims to help you do morpheme analysis so that you can divide words into their constituent parts 13

Morphemes a morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function distinction between free morphemes and bound morphemes

Free morphemes can stand by themselves as a single word e.g. grace can be lexical (e.g. boy,elephant) or functional (e.g. and, but) So a simple word is made up of one free morpheme

Bound morphemes cannot stand alone but need to be “bound” to another morpheme, e.g. re-, -ful prefixes and suffixes are bound morphemes

Terminology boy, yes, elephant simple words base forms roots

Simple or complex? Website exercise 18

Identify core morphemes Website exercise 19

Find the roots the following words unwholesome whole rulership rule underdeveloped develop overachiever achieve operational operate indispensable dispense

PREFIXES e.g. un-, de-, super- meaningful elements come BEFORE base form lexical role – allow for the construction of a large number of new words

SUFFIXES e.g. –ness, -ed, -er meaningful elements 2 types of suffix: DERIVATIONAL INFLECTIONAL

DEFINING SUFFIXES

INFLECTION OF PLURAL

INFLECTION OF VERBS

Two methods Two methods can be used to represent morpheme analysis: - - Using a tree diagram 26 Dividing by hyphens

Mehtod 1 – Dividing by hyphens Dividing by hyphens (trattini) is the simplest and easiest method for doing morphological analysis. How do you do it? 27

Step 1 – Find the root ! The root of the word is the base form to which other bound morphemes are attached. Where is the root in: - teacher - paper - truthfulness 28 teach No root ! It’s a base form truth

Find the roots the following words unwholesome whole rulership rule underdeveloped develop overachiever achieve operational operate indispensable dispense

STEP 2 – Divide the bound morphemes from the root with a hyphen STEP 2 – Divide the bound morphemes from the root with a hyphen root = + bound morpheme = e.g. truthfulness truth truth-fultruth truthfultruth-ful-ness -ful -ness Answer = truth-ful-ness

Can you divide these words with hyphens? Colourful Happiness Unbelievable Teacher Monster Rattlesnake colour-ful happi-ness un-believ-able teach-er monster rattle-snake

Method 2 – tree diagram This involves dividing the word in terms of the grammatical functions of the morphemes and representing it as a tree. This is more difficult ! 32

step 1 – divide the word using hyphens truthfulness 33 truth-ful-ness

step 2 – extract the words that are created by the morphemes In the single word truthfulness we have actually found three words: truthfulness truthful truth (root) What is the grammatical function of these words? 34

step 3 – analyse the grammar of each word In the single word truthfulness we have actually found three words: truthfulness truthful truth (root) What is the grammatical function of these words? 35 noun (N) adjective (A) noun (N)

step 4 – start the tree from the root ---- N Write the word at the bottom Attach the grammatical category of the root to the root truth-ful-ness

step 5 – attach the grammatical category of the next word truth – ful - ness N A

step 6 – attach the grammatical category of the next word truth – ful - ness N A N

Another example specification S tep 1 – divide the word using hyphens specification specif-ic-ation

step 2 – extract the words specification specific specify (root) 40

step 2 – extract the words specification specific specify (root) 41

step 3 – analyse the grammar specification (N) specific (A) specify (root) (V) 42

step 4 – start from the root specif - ic - ation 43 V

step 5 – add the next category specif - ic - ation 44 V A

Step 6 – add the next category specif - ic - ation 45 V A N

The structure is not always like this The structure of the tree will depend on how the word has been morphologically constructed. Sometimes the root is in the middle of the word or at the end of the word. This will change the structure of the tree. Let’s try unwholesome

step 1 – divide the word un-whole-some 47

step 2 – extract the words unwholesome wholesome whole (root) 48

step 3 – analyse the grammar unwholesome (A) wholesome (A) whole (root) (A) 49

step 4 – start from the root un – whole - some 50 A

step 5 – add the next category un – whole - some 51 A A

step 6 – add the next category un–whole - some 52 A A A

Draw tree diagrams for the following words rul-er-ship under-develop-ed over-achiev-er operat-ion-al in-dispens-able