Subatomic particleChargeLocation proton +nucleus neutron nonenucleus electron - surrounds nucleus Atomic number (#)= number of protons (=number of electrons in neutral atom) Mass number (AM)= number of protons + number of neutrons

Macroelements- need large quantities 6 elements make up 98% by mass C, H, N, O, P, S Microelements (or trace elements)- Need very small amounts but critical!! ex. Selenium (Se) is an antioxidant that helps prevent cell damage from free radicals, also help thyroid function and boost immune system

Radioactive Isotopes: nucleus decays Used in medical research

Compounds are different from the elements that make them up!!

Properties of atoms due to: electronegativity valence electrons configuration size Ex. Ions

Bonds (ionic and covalent)- lose, gain or share electrons in order to fill valence shell (stability) – All atoms want 8 e- in their outermost shell

Due to electronegativity! Ionic- >1.7 Polar covalent Covalent- < 0.4

Hydrogen bonds- attraction of H to partial negative charge (due to polar covalent bonds between oxygen and hydrogen)

Degrade with heat, Change in pH, or Chemical treatments! Hydrogen with oxygen, nitrogen, etc. Weak bond- Strong force

Should we control a chemical that: Causes excessive sweating and vomiting. Is a major component in acid rain. Can cause severe burns in its gaseous state. Accidental inhalation can kill you. Contributes to erosion. Decreases the effectiveness of car brakes. Has been found in tumors of terminal cancer patients.

What is the chemical? Dihydrogen monoxide

H 2 OH + + OH - Pure water ion conc. Is M Adding solutes disrupts balance Acid- adds H + Base- reduces H + (adds OH - )

Log based Acids pH <7 Neutral pH=7 Base pH >7 [H + ] + [OH - ] = 14

Properties of both acid and base Resist pH shifts Very important in living organisms!

2006- The movement of water through vascular plants is important to their survival. a. Explain the mechanism of water movement through vascular plants during transpiration. Include a discussion of how the anatomy of vascular plants and the properties of water contribute to this process. 2003B- Water is important for all living organisms. The functions of water are directly related to its physical properties a.Describe how the properties of water contribute to TWO of the following * transpiration * thermoregulation in endotherms * plasma membrane structure

Forms 4 covalent bonds Tetrahedral molecular shape Bonds easily to itself!

Structural Geometric Enantiomers

Built of monomers (subunits)

Makes covalent bonds (stores energy) Joins two monomers Water removed

Breaks bonds (releases energy) Water added

2003B- Water is important for all living organisms. The functions of water are directly related to its physical properties. b. Water serves as a reactant and a product in the carbon cycle. Discuss the role of water in the carbon cycle.

C, H, O in 1:2:1 ratioC, H, O in 1:2:1 ratio Used for fuel, structure, and receptorsUsed for fuel, structure, and receptors Simple or complexSimple or complex

Storage and structure

HydrophobicHydrophobic C, H, O components- high in CC, H, O components- high in C High in energyHigh in energy

Fats solid, oils liquid Made of fatty acids and glycerol

“Full”- no double bonds Straight chained Solid Found in fats

One or more C=C bonds (can accept more H Bent chains Liquid Found in oils

Energy storage, insulation, cushions organs

Only 2 fatty acids Hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail Membrane bilayers

Four fused rings with functional groupsFour fused rings with functional groups Ex. Cholesterol and hormonesEx. Cholesterol and hormones

C, H, O, N, sometimes S Molecular tools Structure, enzymes, antibodies Transport, movement, receptors, hormones Chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds Peptide bond

Gives protein its properties

Made of nucleotides (nitrogen base, pentose sugar, phosphate) Informational C, H, O, N, P

Deoxyribose Double stranded Thymine Makes up genes Ribose Single stranded Uracil Structure and protein synthesis

“Spontaneous”

Not “Spontaneous”