The Parts of Speech An Overview

The Noun n A word or word group that names a person, a place, a thing, or an idea.

The Noun n Names a person –Secretary –Mrs. Kathy

The Noun n Names a place –School bus –Pembroke Middle

The Noun n Names things –Pencils –desks

The Noun n Names ideas –Love –freedom

The Noun n There are 6 types of nouns

The Noun n 1. common nouns –Names any one of a group of persons, places, things, or ideas –Not capitalized n Examples: –scientist –woman –city –building –continent –day

The Noun n 2. proper nouns –Names a particular person, place, thing, or idea –Is capitalized n. Examples –Marie Curie –Coretta Scott King –Cairo –Eiffel Tower –North America –Monday

The Noun n 3. concrete noun –Names a person, place or thing that can be seen, heard, tasted, touched, or smelt –Examples n Cloud n Poison n Ivy n Thunder n Silk n Yogurt n Sarah

The Noun 4. Abstract noun 1.Names an idea, a feeling, a quality, or a characteristic 2.Cannot be seen, heard, touched, tasted, or smelt physically 3.is mental 4.Examples 1. Freedom 2. Well-being 3. Beauty 4. Kindness 5. Buddhism

The Noun n 5. compound noun –Consists of two or more words used together as a single noun –Examples n One word: firefighter, Iceland, newspaper n Separate words: prime minister, Red River Dam, fire drill, race car driver n Hyphenated words: sister-in-law, Port-au- Prince, pull-up

The Noun n 6. collective noun –A word that names a group –Examples n People: audience, chorus, committee, crew n Animals: brood, flock, gaggle, herd n Things: assortment, batch, bundle, cluster

The Pronoun n A word that is used in place of one or more nouns or pronouns n Example: –Stan bought a suit and an overcoat. He will wear them.

The Pronoun n There are 6 types of pronouns.

The Pronoun n 1. Personal pronouns –Refers to the one speaking (1 st person), the one spoken to (2 nd person), or the one spoken about (3 rd person).

Pronouns- Personal –1 st person personal pronouns (the one speaking) nInInInI n Me n My n Mine n We n Us n Our n ours

Pronouns- Personal n - 2 nd person pronouns (the one spoken to) –You –Your –yours

Pronouns- Personal n - 3rd person pronouns (the one spoken about) –He –Him –His –She –Her –Hers –It –its –They –Them –Their –theirs

Prounouns n 2. Reflexive and Intensive –Reflexive pronouns refer to the subject of a sentence –Intensive pronouns emphasize its antecedent. –Examples: n 1 st person: myself, ourselves n 2 nd person: yourself, yourselves n 3 rd person: himself, herself, itself, themselves

Prounouns n 3. Demonstrative –Demonstrative pronouns are used to point out a specific person, place, thing, or idea. –Examples: n This n That n These n those

Prounouns n 4. Interrogative –Interrogative pronouns introduce a question n Examples: –Who –Whom –Which –What –Whose

Prounouns n 5. Relative –Relative pronouns introduce a subordinate clause (a group of words that is not a complete sentence, even though it has a subject and a verb) n Examples: –That –Which –Who –Whom –Whose

Prounouns n 6. Indefinite –Indefinite pronouns refer to one or more persons, places, ideas or things that may or may not be specifically named. –Refer to chart on page 381 n Examples: –All –Anybody –Both –Few –Many –Nobody –Somebody

Pronouns n Antecedents –The word that a pronoun stands for or refers to –Example: n Why did Oscar give his camera to the film school?

Adjectives n An adjective is a word that is used to modify a noun or a pronoun. n The word modify means “to describe”.

Adjectives n Adjectives answer three questions about the word it modifies. –1. What kind? –2. Which one? –3. How many?

Adjectives n What kind? n Example: gray skies

Adjectives n Which one? n Example: last chance

Adjectives n How many? n Example: five fingers

Adjectives n Adjectives usually come BEFORE the noun or pronoun it modifies. n Example: n Ms. Barbara tells all students that good workers will be given special privileges.

Adjectives n Some words can be used as either adjectives or pronouns. n Examples: this, that, these, those n These words, as you may recall, are demonstrative pronouns. n However, they can also be used as adjectives when they describe a noun or a pronoun. n Example: n Did Jennifer draw this picture or that one? n That is my favorite.

Adjectives n Some words can be used as either adjectives or nouns. n You must look at the way the word is used in the sentence to determine its part of speech. n Example: n I love cheese. n I would like a cheese sandwich.

Adjectives n Proper adjectives are formed from proper nouns. n Examples: n Texas coast n Picasso painting

Adjectives n The most frequently used adjectives are the ARTICLES. n Articles are the three small words A, AN, THE.

Adjectives n A and AN are called indefinite articles because they refer to any member of a general group. n The indefinite article A is used before words with a consonant sound n EXAMPLE: n A girl n The indefinite article AN is used before words with a vowel sound. n EXAMPLE: n An elephant

Adjectives n THE is called the definite article because it refers to something or someone in particular. n EXAMPLE n The dog ran outside.

Verbs n A word that is used to express action or a state of being

Verbs n Show action n Can be physical or mental action n Examples: –Juanita mailed the package. –I believe you.

Verbs n Show a state of being n All forms of the verb BE are verbs that show a state of being n Example: –He is happy. –I am disappointed.

BE Verbs n Being n Am n Is n Are n Was n Were n be

Linking Verbs n A verb that connects the subject to a word or word group that identifies or describes the subject. n Example: –The answer is correct. –The winners are happy.

Common Linking Verbs n Be amis n Being arewas n Were shall bewill be n Has been have beenhad been n Shall have beencan be n will have beencould be n Should bewould be n Should have been n Would have been n Could have been

Other Linking Verbs n Appear n Become n Feel n Grow n Look n Remain n Seem n Smell n Sound n Stay n Taste n turn

Verb Phrases n Verb phrases consist of one main verb and one or more helping verbs. n Helping verbs are also called auxillary verbs. n Helping verbs help the main verb express action or a state of being. n Example: –The dog is leaving with my homework.

Verb Phrases n More examples: –She had always been thinking of her future. –Has my sister played her new CD for you? –She should not have borrowed that necklace.

Adverbs n Modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.

Adverbs n Tell –WHERE –WHEN –HOW –TO WHAT EXTENT (how long or how much)

Adverbs n Just as an adjective makes a noun or pronoun more definite, an adverb makes the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb more definite.

Common Adverbs n There n Up n Here n Down n Tomorrow n Weekly n Later n early

More Common Adverbs n Quickly n Softly n Carefully n Beautifully n Completely n Hardly n Slightly n Partly

Adverbs n Modify ADJECTIVES n Example: –Beth did an exceptionally fine job. –Slightly cooler temperatures are forecast. –Mr. Lomazzi is an especially talented chef.

ADVERBS modify verbs n Adverbs also modify (or describe) verbs. n When they modify verbs, they tell HOW, WHERE, WHEN, TO WHAT EXTENT. n EXAMPLES: n She quickly agreed. n He hardly moved. n We lived there.

Adverbs n Modify other ADVERBS n Examples: –Calvin was almost never there. –We’ll meet shortly afterward. –She slept too late.

Prepositions n Show the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to another word –Example: n UNDER my bed

Common Prepositions n Think about any place a mouse can go. n ON n OVER n NEAR n THROUGH n ABOVE n BELOW n IN n AROUND n Refer to page 400 for more examples.

Object of the Preposition n This is the noun that the preposition relates another word to n The object of the preposition is always a noun. n The object of the preposition always follows the preposition. –EXAMPLE: n There is a mouse NEAR my bed.

Conjunctions n Words that join words or word groups

Common Conjunctions n And n But n Or n Nor n So n For n Yet n These are called coordinating conjunctions

Common Conjunctions n Both…and n Either…or n Whether…or n Not only…but also n Neither…nor n These are called correlative conjunctions.

Examples of Conjunctions n You AND I are friends. n Both Jim and Roberto were outstanding athletes.