PIA 2000 Introduction to Public Affairs

1. Comparison by Structure- Unit for comparison 2. Ideal Types 3. The Rationality Debate 4. Governance Processes 5. Dysfunctional Governance 6. Reform vs. Rhetoric

Origins

1. The Rational Model 2. Authoritarian 3. Mobilizing Regime- Party Dominant 4. Fused- Cabinet Government 5. Separation of Powers- “Congressional” 6. Federal vs. Unitary 7. Territorial (Cantonal) vs. Corporate 8. Corruption and the Problem of Efficiency

  Ferrel Heady  Died August 16, 2006

1. Not reality: eg. Model Airplane 2. A kind of Model 3. Deviations can be measured 4. Method: By comparison to the model

An Ideal Type Matrix

1. Organization highly differentiated 2. Rational decisions and procedures 3. High activity levels and efficiency 4. Power and authority are legitimate 5. Popular involvement and acceptance of procedures and decisions

“What is wrong with this Picture?”

a. Merit Selection b. Hierarchy- Chain of Command c. Division of Labor and functional specialization d. Administrative work: full time, no sinecures e. Contractual agreement f. Professional or technical training

1. Scientific Management: Time and Motion- (Taylor) 1. Human Resource Management: Social Comfort-Hawthorne Experiments

“Scientific management is a theory of management that analizes and synthesizes workflows, with the objective of improving labor productivity” Taylor

 1936  Modern Times Modern Times

 Hawthorne Study: he Hawthorne effect - an increase in worker productivity produced by the psychological stimulus of being singled out and made to feel important and improved work.  “The Hawthorn Effect” The term was coined in 1955 by Henry A. Landsberger when analysing older experiments from at the Hawthorne Works (a Western Electric factory outside Chicago).

“Very Impressive, my colleague.... but does it also work in theory”

 From the World of Samuel P. Huntington Political Order in Changing Societies Political Order in Changing Societies

2. Authoritarian-Submission to Authority and Demand for Conformance

1. Bureaucracy as Authoritarian a. Subject**** b. Citizen c. Customer

Burma 2008

Authoritarianism and Ideology “Red vs. Expert”

1. Pluralist Systems- Interest Group with experts Have Access Issues 2. Dominant Party Regimes- defacto of de jure “no party states” 1. Mobilization Regimes: Populist vs. Leninist 2. Totalitarian Regimes: Fascist vs. Communist

Social Mobilization vs. Social Engineering

 “Social mobilization is the process of mobilizing all societal and personal influences with the aim of prompting individual, family, group or societal level action”

1. Traditional 2. Personalist/Charismatic 3. Unstable Pendulum Regimes 4. Administrative States/Organizational Bourgeoisie 5. Military Regimes 6. Mobilizing Regimes

 Review of Distinctions

Marble CakeLayer Cake

Geographical- Unity Corporate- Democratic or Authoritarian

Ten Minutes

 May 17, The accusations of corruption “hurts Pittsburgh,” said Mr. Ravenstahl, who has focused most of his attention on Mr. Dowd's attacks.  Impairment of integrity, virtue, or moral principle  In broad terms, political corruption is the misuse of public office for private gain.

1. Dysfunctionalism- The “Yes Minister” TV Series and Franz Kafka 2. Corruption and Culture-Robert Klitgaard (Claremont Graduate University) 3. Bashing Bureaucrats: Bob Miewald (University of Nebraska) and (Michael Barzeley, London School of Economics)

 Yes Minister Yes Minister

The Bureaucracy as Controlling a. The Perfect Library- No books checked out b. Tied up in Red Tape- The red ribbon which ties up files in U.K. c. Standard Operating Procedures

George Wallace” “They are all burro crats”

Debates

 Civil Service Reform: Exchequer  Administrative Reform- includes Parastatals  Structural Reforms- Organizational Focus  Policy Reforms- Focus on state functions  Organizational and Motivational Reforms

1. Shortage of Skilled Professionals 2. Structures Imported and “imitative” of classical European Structures 3. Personalization of public sector actions 4. Formalism rather than realism 5. Lack of Operational opportunity

1. Detailed monthly budget approvals 2. Centrally-driven strategic planning 3. Powerful staff members with no line responsibility 4. Many-layered approval procedures 5. Many-layered, strictly observed payment bands 6. Rigid status symbols 7. Hefty corporate manuals and "bibles"

1. “Sala” and the Iron Triangle” 2. Satisficing, incrementalism and budget reform 3. Oversight Failure: Press, Civil Society and Legislature (Transparency) 4. Public goods Failures- Explains Corruption 5. Rent Seeking 6. Free Rider Problems 7. Bureaucratic pathologiesVideoVideo

 "...the Sala is associated with unequal distribution of services, institutionalized corruption, inefficiency in rule application, nepotism in recruitment, bureaucratic enclaves dominated by motives of self- protection, and, in general, a pronounced gap between formal expectations and actual behavior....“  Ferrel Heady

A Multi-functional Room

Is Corruption Contextual?

 Nicholas Lemann, The Great Black Migration  George Orwell, Shooting the Elephant  Huey P. Long and “All the King’s Men”  Jim Mayfield, Go to the People

The Black Migration from the South to the Midwest New Book: Isabel Wilkerson The Warmth of Other Suns, her massive and masterly account of the Great Migration.

Orwell last row, third from the left Alice Huie and James Yen

Robert Penn WarrenHuey P. Long  Louisiana or Italy?  Is He Willy Stark?

 V. S. Naipaul, In a Free State  Robert Penn Warren, All the King’s Men  Daniel Okrent, Last Call  C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite  James Lemman, The Black Migration