How a Society is Governed Formal Sanctions  Formal Sanctions are the enforceable rules of a society.  Formal sanctions may involve some form of regulated combat, seen here as armed dancers near Mount Hagen in New Guinea demand redress for murder.

Settling Disputes  A dispute may be settled in three ways: 3.Adjudication - An authorized third party issues a binding decision. 1.Ex: John took Mary’s laptop. Mary takes John and her case to Judge Judy. After both Mary and John present their sides of the story, Judge Judy awards the laptop back to Mary.

How a Society is Governed Law an external control Allocates authority to employ coercion to enforce sanctions. Redefines social relations and aids its own efficient operation by ensuring it allows change.

Settling Disputes  A dispute may be settled in three ways: 1.Negotiation - the parties to the dispute reach an agreement with or without the help of a third party. 1.Ex: John took Mary’s laptop. Mary knows where John lives…Mary confronts John and after 20 minutes of conversation, convinces him to give her back the laptop.

Settling Disputes  A dispute may be settled in three ways: 2.Mediation – Settlement of a dispute through negotiation assisted by an unbiased third party. 1.Ex: John took Mary’s laptop. Mary and John both go to their school counselor to help them talk out who owns the laptop. With the advice of the counselor, both Mary and John agree that Mary is the rightful owner.

Song Duels Having a song duel is the traditional approach to dispute resolution among the Inuit of northern Canada. Settling Disputes Ethnographic Example

Trial by Ordeal Togo, West Africa Trial to determine a yam thief Settling Disputes Ethnographic Example

Example: DarfurDarfur (In the western part of both North and South Sudan) Warfare in Multinational States

Today, there are more than 250,000 child soldiers, many as young as 12 years old. Among them are these boys training to be guerrillas in Sahel, Eritrea. Emmanual Jal (Former child soldier in Sudan): Emmanual Jal The “Lost Boys” More on the Civil War in Sudan that produced the new countries of North Sudan and South SudanLost Boys Child Soldiers