1194 Jin Empire of northern China suffers from major famine after the Yellow River Changes course

c.1200 Abbasid Caliphate suffer from conflict between Shi’ite and Sunni Rest of Muslim world struggling with internal conflict, including the Seljuk Turks

1203-c.1227 CE Temuchin a Chief of Mongol Tribe Temuchin fathers four sons Genghis Khan JochiJagadaiOgodeiTolui BatuGuyukHuleguKhubilaiMongke

1203 CE After distinguishing himself in a battle to regain his stolen wife and Temuchin was named the Genghis Khan or Universal Ruler

1209 CE Genghis begins his conquests by attacking the Tanggut Empire, a Buddhist nation in northwest China, bordering Tibet

CE Attacked the Jin

1216 CE Attacked Manchuria

1218 Attacked Korea

1218 Took Kara-Khitai

Attacked Khorezim, Christians and Muslims

1223 Suppress revolts by the Jin and Tanguts

1227 Genghis Khan Died

1227 Empire divided among heirs

Jochi’s son Bantu got Russia –Golden Horde Jagadai got central Asia –Empire of Jagadai Ogodei got Chinese Turkestan and the title Grand Khan Tolui got the homeland

1229 Ogodei officially gets title Great Khan and renews war against Jin with the help of the Song and Tolui

1233 Jin totally defeated and Northern China under the control of the Mongols

1235 Ogodei declares war on the Song

1237 Batu takes Moscow and Kiev in Russia

1241 Mongols (Golden Horde) reached the borders of the Holy Roman Empire

1241 Death of Ogodei, the Great Khan

1246 Guyuk, Ogodei’s son becomes Khan after his fathers death

1255 Middle East Falls to the Mongols

1258 Mongols of the il-khan Kill the Caliph

1260 Khubilai becomes Great Khan (5 th ) Civil War

1260 Kubilai Khan names Peking the Capital of Empire of the Great Khan

1260 Mamluk defeat the Mongol invasion of Egypt with help from the Golden Horde Hulegu named il-khan by Kubilai

1259 Mongols take the Kingdom of Tali in Northern China causing a major migration to Thailand

1265 Kubilai began an extended and campaign in southeast Asia

1271 Kubilai takes the Dynastic name Yuan

c Mongols of China convert to Buddhism

1279 China falls to the Mongols

c.1280 Kubilai demanded tribute from Ceylon and Malabar Coast

1292 Kubilai demanded tribute from Java, failed

Outcome Yuan Dynasty in China IL-Khanate in Persia Golden Horde in Russia Khanate of Jagadai in Central Asia

Global Consequences of the Mongols: Trade increased: silk, porcelain, regulated and safe Increased Communication: individuals traveled across continents, ideas about passports, coal mining, movable type, metallurgy, math, gunpowder, bronze, pharmacology… spread Disease Spread: Plague, Typhus, Influenza, & Smallpox

The IL Khan: Killed last Caliph: weakened Muslim unity Cultural Conflict: Mongol consumption of blood, leaders of IL Khan non-Muslim Inter-Mongol Conflict: Warfare between Golden Horde and IL Khan over religion and territory, involved Christian Crusaders and Mamluks in conflict, ended when new Khan became Muslim Tax Farming: Sold tax collecting rights to private investors, caused economic decline, gov then had trouble supplying troops, took land to do this, this was non-taxable so again tax revenue declined Economic Failure: high taxes led to intro of paper money, did not work, lead to rebellion Overthrow: Timur, a new Central Asian Invader took over, Turkic but used Mongol Army Cultural Flowering: scholars & artist from China, Central Asia, and Middle East meet in Baghdad, Timur actually forcibly relocated scholars to Baghdad, Results: a world history, miniature paintings, algebra, trigonometry, astronomy influenced Europeans like Copernicus, calendars, predicting eclipses, improved Astrolabes,

Golden Horde: Trade: Benefited south more Orthodox Church Cemented: Mongols used church to re-enforce power, helped church Northern Migration: Russian Princes of North Gained Privilege, Moscow and Novogrod’s power increased, Kiev decreased, Princes of Moscow became Tsars Economy: High taxes collected by Russian princes drained gold and silver Mongols introduced paper money, little affect b/c Russia had a barter ecomony Isolation: Mongol domination cut Russia off from Europe and may has slowed development Centralization nearby: Mongol pressure increased Gov power in Ottoman Empire, Lithuania, and Serbia

Yuan China: Economic Decline: tax farming, paper money, Chinafication: Mongols adopted much Chinese tradition, Confucianism made strong, Mandarin Lama Buddhism: Mongols adopt Buddhism of Tibet Beijing: became capital, built forbidden city, Unification: finally unify China into what it is today, worked to break down cultural differences Social Class: Mongols on top, Central Asians and Middle Easterns ran gov, then northern Chinese, southern Chinese at bottom, Chinese became merchants and formed a new Gentry class, Corporations formed, Urbanization resulted Medical improvements: blended Chinese with Greek and Middle Eastern