Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia 1

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Regional kingdoms succeed collapse of Han dynasty  Yang Jian consolidates control of all of China, initiates Sui Dynasty  Massive building projects  paid for with high taxes  Military labor  Conscripted labor 2

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Intended to promote trade between north and south China  Most Chinese rivers flow west-east  Linked network of earlier canals  1240 miles (2000 km)  Roads on either bank  Succeeded only by railroad traffic in 20 th century 3

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Wide discontent over conscripted labor in Sui dynasty  Military failures in Korea prompt rebellion  Emperor assassinated in 618  Tang Dynasty initiated 4

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Second emperor of Tang dynasty (r CE)  Murdered two brothers, thrust father aside to take throne  Strong ruler  Built capital at Chang’an  Law and order  Taxes, prices low  More effective implementation of earlier Sui policies 5

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Transportation and communications  Extensive postal, courier services  Equal-Field System  20% of land hereditary ownership  80% redistributed according to formula ▪ Family size, land fertility  Worked well until 8 th century ▪ Corruption, loss of land to Buddhist monasteries 6

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  MERITOCRACY: Society where advancement is based on achievement, not political or family connection  Imperial civil service examinations  Confucian educational curriculum  Some bribery, nepotism  But most advance through merit  Built loyalty to the dynasty  System remains strong until early 20 th century 7

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Manchuria, Korea, Vietnam, Tibet  One of the largest expansions of China in its history  Established tributary relationships  Gifts  China as “Middle Kingdom”  The kowtow ritual 8

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 9

 Governmental neglect: Emperor obsessed with music, favorite concubine  755: Rebellion under An Lushan, former military commander  Captures Chang’an, but rebellion crushed by

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Tang Decline  Nomadic Uighur mercenaries invited to suppress rebellion, sacked Chang’an and Luoyang  Tang decline continues  Rebellions in 9 th century  907: Last emperor abdicates 11

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Emphasis on administration, industry, education, the arts  Military not emphasized  Direction of first emperor, Song Taizu (r CE)  Former military leader  Made emperor by troops  Instituted policy of imperial favor for civil servants, expanded meritocracy 12

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 13

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Size of bureaucracy heavy drain on economy  Two peasant rebellions in 12 th c.  Internal inertia prevents reform of bureaucracy  Civil service leadership of military  Lacked military training  Unable to contain nomadic attacks  Jurchen conquer, force Song dynasty to Hangzhou, southern China (Southern Song) 14

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Developed Vietnamese fast-ripening rice, leading to two crops per year  Technology: iron plows, use of draft animals  Soil fertilization, improved irrigation  Water wheels, canals  Terrace farming 15

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Result of increased agricultural production  Effective food distribution system  Transportation networks built under Tang and Song dynasties 16

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Chang’an: World’s most populous city  2 million residents  Southern Song capital Hangzhou  over 1 million  Several cities over 100,000 17

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Increased emphasis on ancestor worship  Elaborate grave rituals  Extended family gatherings in honor of deceased ancestors  Footbinding gains popularity  Increased control by male family members 18

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Porcelain (“Chinaware”)  Increase of iron production due to use of coke, not coal, in furnaces  Agricultural tools, weaponry  Gunpowder invented  Earlier printing techniques refined  Moveable type by mid-11 th century  Yet complex Chinese ideographs make wood block technique easier  Naval technology  magnetic compass 19

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  “Flying cash:” Letters of credit developed to deal with copper coin shortages  Promissory notes, checks also used  Development of independently produced paper money  Not as stable, riots when not honored  Government claims monopoly on money production in 11 th century 20

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Increasingly cosmopolitan nature of Chinese cities  Chinese silk opens up trade routes, but increases local demands for imported luxury goods 21

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Declining confidence in Confucianism after collapse of Han dynasty  Increasing popularity of Buddhism  Christianity, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Islam also appear  Clientele primarily foreign merchant class 22

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Mahayana Buddhism especially popular in western China (Gansu province), CE  Buddhist temples, libraries built  Economic success as converts donate land holdings  Increased popularity through donations of agricultural produce to the poor 23

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. BUDDHISM  Text-based (Buddhist teachings)  Emphasis on Metaphysics  Ascetic ideal  Celibacy  isolationCONFUCIANISM  Text-based (Confucian teachings)  Daoism not text-based  Emphasis on ethics, politics  Family-centered  Procreation  Filial piety 24

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Buddhists adapt ideology to Chinese climate  Dharma translated as dao  Nirvana translated as wuwei  Accommodated family lifestyle  “One son in monastery for ten generations of salvation”  Limited emphasis on textual study, meditation instead 25

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Daoist/Confucian persecution supported in late Tang dynasty  840s: Beginning of systematic closure of Buddhist temples, expulsions  Zoroastrians, Christians, Manicheans as well  Economic motive: seizure of large monastic landholdings 26

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  NEO-CONFUCIANISM: Blend of Confucian teachings with Buddhist traditions  Song dynasty refrains from persecuting Buddhists, but favors Confucians  Neo-Confucians influenced by Buddhist thought  Zhu Xi ( CE) important synthesizer of the two schools of thought  Popular to 20 th century 27

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Silla Dynasty: Tang armies withdraw, Korea recognizes Tang as emperor  Technically a vassal state, but highly independent  Chinese influence on Korean culture pervasive 28

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Vietnamese adaptation to Chinese culture, technology  But ongoing resentment at political domination  Assert independence when Tang dynasty falls in 10 th century 29

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Chinese armies never invade Japan  Yet Chinese culture pervasive  Imitation of Tang administration  Establishment of new capital at Nara, hence “Nara Japan” ( CE)  Adoption of Confucian, Buddhist teachings  Yet retention of Shinto religion 30

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. escourt to  Japanese emperor moves court to Heian (Kyoto)  Yet emperor figurehead, real power in hands of Fujiwara clan  Pattern in Japanese history: weak emperor, power behind the throne  Helps explain longevity of the institution 31 HEIAN = “peace”

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Influence of Chinese kanji characters  Classic curriculum dominated by Chinese  Development of hiragana, katakana syllabic alphabet  Court life: The Tale of Genji  Written by woman with weak command of Chinese, becomes classic of early Japanese literature 32

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Civil war between Taira and Minamoto clans in 12 th century  1185 CE: Minamoto leader named shogun  SHOGUN: Japanese military leader who ruled in place of the emperor  Ruled from Kamakura, allowed imperial throne to continue in Kyoto 33

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Kamakura ( CE) and Muromachi ( CE) periods  Decentralized power in hands of warlords  Military authority in hands of samurai  Professional warriors 34

Emperor (High status, little power) Shogun (actual ruler) Daimyo (Large landowner, governor) Samurai(warriors) Peasants/Artisans Merchants (low status, but wealthy)

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Emperor – held highest rank in society but had no political power  Shogun (military dictator) – actual ruler  Daimyo (lord) – large landowners  Samurai – skilled warriors loyal to daimyo  Peasants and artisans – ¾ of the population  Merchants – low status but gradually gained influence

EmperorShogun Daimyo Samurai Peasants/ArtisansMerchantsKing Upper Lords (Nobles) Lesser Lords (Vassals) Knights Serfs (Peasants) JapanEurope

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. KNIGHTS  Warriors  Code of chivalry  Women seen as weak, but idolized SAMURAI  Warriors  Code of bushido  Women expected to live by honor and courage (even fought in battle)