World War I & World War II Study Guide Please study all terms, people, & information on your study guide for your test on Thursday

Ideas to know about Revolutions & European Empire Building 1) Scientific Revolution – Great scientific change & discovery during the 15th & 17th centuries. 2) Industrial Revolution – A period of change in the 18th century during which goods began to be manufactured by industry & machines. 3) Capitalism – An economic system in which factories & businesses that make & sell goods are privately owned, & the owners make the decisions about what goods to produce. 4) French Revolution – Revolution that began on July 14, 1789, led to France become a republic. 5) Reign of Terror – The period between 1793 & 1794 during which France’s new leaders executed thousands of its citizens. 6) Ivan the Terrible – The first czar of Russia, crowned in 1547, whose rule of 37 years was marked by constant war. 7) Peter the Great – ruler of Russia (1682 to 1725), brought many improvements from Europe. 8) Catherine the Great – ruler of Russia (1762 to 1796), She increased trade, started new schools, expanded Russian territory, made Russia one of Europe’s most powerful nations. 9) Russian Revolution – The 1917 revolution that removed the Russian monarchy or Czar rule from power after it had ruled for 400 years. 10) Vladimir Lenin – (1870-1924). He was the founder of the Communist Party in Russia. He led the October Revolution of 1917 & ruled Russia until his death in 1924.

Questions To Know for the test A) How did the Russian Revolution begin? (AND) What events led to the Russia Revolution? The Russian Revolution began when food shortages led to strikes by workers in the cities & a revolt by the Russian army. (OR) Unfair treatment of serfs, Bloody Sunday, & food shortages brought about by World War I all led to the Russian Revolution. B) Who became the leader of Russia after the Russian Revolution? Vladimir Lenin

Ideas to know about Revolutions & European Empire Building 11) nationalism – Strong pride in one’s nation or ethnic group 12) colonialism – A system by which a country maintains colonies elsewhere 13) Austria-Hungary – the largest empire in Eastern Europe in 1900 14) dual monarchy – a form of government in which one ruler governs two nations. 15) alliance – an agreement among people or nations to unite for a common cause & help one another if one is attacked. Many of the nations of Europe had joined military alliances hoping that “strength through numbers” would prevent other nations from declaring war on them. This network of alliances, combined with extreme nationalism caused Europe to become engulfed in war.

Ideas to know about Revolutions & European Empire Building 16) Imperialism – The practice of one country controlling the government & economy of another country or territory. Imperialism is a policy of obtaining & occupying colonies to form an empire. In the late 1800s, a period of New Imperialism emerged as almost every European country tried to secure colonies in Africa, Asia, & on the Western Pacific region. In 1884, European nations divided Africa into colonies at the Berlin West Africa Conference. This division became known as the “Scramble for Africa.” The European countries desired to use these colonies for natural resources & new markets for their goods as well as for strategic advantage in case of war or another type of conflict.

Ideas to know about World War I & World War II How World War I started? By 1914, Europe was divided & was a powder keg waiting to explode. Balkan nationalism became its fuse. Bosnia-Herzegovina in the Balkans was then occupied by Austria (though it was legally a province of Turkey). Serbia, another Balkan country, wanted to rule Bosnia as well. A Serbian nationalist assassinated the Archduke of Austria. In response, Austria declared war on Serbia. Soon the countries of the Triple Alliance & the Triple Entente were at war with each other. 2) World War I – A war from 1914 to 1918 between the Allies (Russia, France, United Kingdom, Italy, & USA) & the Central Powers (Austria-Hungary, Germany, Turkey, & Bulgaria) “The Great War,” also known as “World War I,” & “The War to End All Wars” was the first global military conflict that lasted from 1914 to 1918. This conflict took place mostly on and around the continent of Europe. This conflict would lead to the death of nearly 22 million people.

Ideas to know about World War I & World War II 3) Treaty of Versailles – The settlement Germany was forced to sign after WWI ended in 1918. It split apart Austria- Hungary, made Poland a free country, & it also set the stage for WWII. To symbolize the end of World War I, the allied & central powers signed the Versailles Treaty. Under the terms of this treaty, Germany was forced to pay reparations to the allied nations & give up some territory. These reparations plunged Germany into an economic depression. Some say that World War I & the Versailles Treaty that created an economic depression in Germany all helped start World War II. It just needed Adolf Hitler to act by invading Poland. 4) Great Depression – Severe economic slump that followed the collapse of the stock market in 1929.

Ideas to know about World War I & World War II 5) Adolf Hitler – (1889-1945) Austrian-born dictator of Germany from 1934 to 1945. He was the leader of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, better known as the Nazi Party. He was the leader of the German Nazi Party, elected in 1933. On September 1, 1939, Hitler’s armies invaded Poland by land, sea, & air. This was the introduction of Germany’s “blitzkrieg,” or “lighting war” style of attack. Hitler had broken his agreement with Chamberlain & this helped start World War II. His totalitarian rule caused the death of more than 6 million Jewish people.

Ideas to know about World War I & World War II 6) World War II – A war from 1939 to 1945 between the Axis powers (Germany, Italy, Japan, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, & a scattered variety of people who wanted to be free of their colonial masters) & the Allies (the United Kingdom, France, the Soviet Union, & the U.S.A.

Ideas to know about World War I & World War II 7) Pearl Harbor - On December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked the United States Navy at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. On December 8, President Roosevelt declares war on Japan. Germany had an alliance with Japan so they declared war on the U.S.A. The U.S. joined the side of the allies. 8) Stalingrad – The deadliest battle of World War II where 1,530,000 were killed. This was the turning point of the war in the east. After this Battle for Stalingrad, the German army would continue to be pushed back toward their “fatherland.” From this point on, the Soviet Red Army would have the upper hand on the eastern front.

Ideas to know about World War I & World War II 9)D Day – Name given to greatest seaborne invasion in history that occurred on July 6, 1944. The Allies won the beach after a great loss of life & the Germans began to retreat. 10) Holocaust – organized killing of European Jews & others by the Nazis during World War II.As the allied forces liberated the territories taken by Hitler, they found evidence of his cruelty. Jews, Gypsy’s, & others had been sent by the Nazis to “Concentration Camps.” There they would either work as slave labor, or be systematically murdered. Hitler wanted to keep his “final solution” to the “Jewish question” secret. The secret was revealed when the allies stumbled upon these camps. Allied soldiers made Germans from the surrounding towns come and see what had been done in their name. This mass murder of Jews by Hitler’s Germany is known as the Holocaust. There were over 14 million (6 million Jews plus 8 million others) killed during the Holocaust. Over 16 million soldiers lost their lives in World War II plus 23 million other civilians lost their lives. 53 million total people lost their lives during World War II.

Ideas to know about World War I & World War II On May 7, 1945, Nazi Germany surrenders & the war is over. The allies were victorious. Allied Leaders: Britain-Winston Churchill U.S.A.-Franklin Roosevelt U.S.S.R.-Joseph Stalin The country of Israel was formed in 1947 by the Allies & Jewish people began returning in 1948.