Chapter 3 Study Guide 1. What are the terrestrial planets? Describe the characteristics of these planets. 2. What are the giant planets? Describe the characteristics of these planets. 3. Describe the shape of the earth. 4. Locate the highest and lowest point on the earth. 5. List and describe the three movements of the earth?

Chapter 3 Study Guide 6. Define the plane of the ecliptic. 7. On a diagram identify the equator, earth's axis, and the plane of the ecliptic. 8. Describe parallelism. 9. Explain why we have seasons and why the seasons are opposite in the northern and southern hemisphere. How does insolation affect the seasons. (use diagrams!) 10. Describe angular and linear velocity. 11. Describe the summer solstice, the winter solstice and the equinox. 12.What latitude is the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn?

Dimensions and distances Speed of light 299,792 kmps (186,282 mps) Light year is the distance light travels in one year. 6 trillion miles in 1 year. Universe is 12 billion light-years across Milky Way Galaxy 100,000 ly across Our Solar System 11 light-hours across Moon is 1.28 light-seconds away

Milky Way Galaxy/Galactic Movement

Energy for life on Earth comes from the sun.

Our Solar System A solar system is defined as all heavenly bodies associated with a particular star due to that star’s mass and gravitational attraction Movement overall is counter- clockwise movement. Elliptical paths. All planets spin or rotate on their axis. Fig. 3.2

Members of Our Solar System 1. Terrestrial Planets? Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars---Relatively small warmed by proximity to sun. Composed of rock and metal. Solid surfaces with geologic forces such as mountains, crater volcanoes. 2. Giant Planets? Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune--- Much larger, composed of ices, liquids, gases. Solid cores at center, Huge balls of gas and liquid. What is Pluto???--- None more like a moon.

Earth Facts Fig Earth is flat at poles and bulges at the equator. Where is this? Pole Equator Oblate spheroid Linear velocity – Greatest at the Equator. Degrees Plus area covered. Angular velocity 360 degrees Highest point Mount Everest 29,028 ft above sea level Lowest point  Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench 36,198 feet below sea level. Pacific Ocean near Guam. Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere

Earth’s 3 types of Movement F 1.Rotation 2.Revolution 3.Galactic Movement

More Earth Facts Revolution Earth revolves around the Sun Voyage takes 365 and ¼ days. Leap year. Earth’s speed is 107,280 kmph (66,660 mph) Rotation Earth rotates on its axis once every 24 hours Rotational velocity at equator is 1674 kmph (1041 mph)

Solar Energy to Earth and the Seasons Solar Energy: From Sun to Earth The Seasons

The Electromagnetic Spectrum Sun radiates shortwave energy Shorter wavelengths have higher energy Earth radiates longwave energy

The Electromagnetic Spectrum Figure 3.10

Earth’s Energy Budget

Aphelion and Perihelion Similar Fig Not why we have seasons!

Seasonality Seasonal changes  Sun’s altitude – angle above horizon  Day length  Important days/ Reversal of Seasons in different hemispheres.  Summer Solstice/Winter Solstice  June 21 Northern Hemisphere Summer Solstice  December 21 Northern Hemisphere Winter solstice  Southern Hemisphere?  Equinoxes=Equal  March 21 Spring Equinox Northern Hemisphere  September 22 Fall Equinox in Northern Hemisphere  Southern Hemisphere? Southern Hemisphere June 21 Winter Solstice December 21 Summer solstice Southern Hemisphere June 21 Winter Solstice December 21 Summer solstice Southern Hemisphere: March 21 Fall Equinox September 22 Spring Equinox Southern Hemisphere: March 21 Fall Equinox September 22 Spring Equinox

Reasons for Seasons  Tilt of Earth’s axis Axis is tilted 23.5° from the perpendicular to the plane of ecliptic  Axial parallelism Axis maintains alignment during orbit around the Sun North pole points toward the North Star (Polaris)  Amount of daylight hours  Amount of insolation received at particular location.

Axial Tilt and Parallelism Similar Figure 3.15

Annual March of the Seasons Similar Fig. 3.16

Earth-Sun Relations

Insolation received June 21 Fig. 3.19a

Insolation Which is direct and oblique? Direct- same energy just concentrated in smaller area. Oblique-spread over larger area Direct Oblique

Zones of Climate Fig. 3.20