History of Cartography I

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History of Cartography I Europe and the Middle East

Bull at Lascaux, France

Wall Painting from Çatal Hüyük, Turkey (ca 6200 BCE)

Plan of Çatal Hüyük, Turkey (ca 6200 BCE) Yes, there is a resemblance, AS LONG AS ONE IS LOOKING FROM THE SKY!!!! Archaeologists draw plans like this, how likely is it that neolithic people did as well? Not very.

Map or Pattern?

Tepe Gawra Landscape Jar (ca 6000 BCE Iraq) Dates from 6000 BCE in Iraq, pot with 12 sections of decorated panels, one of which is this (this is by far the most complex looking)– debated whether this represents mountains and a river valley, complete with tributaries and animals… A.J. Tobler, not just a landscape painting but possibly the oldest map ever discovered”– argues that the artist had a particular landscape in mind, (not all agree, saying this pattern is not so far from the norm of the time which was a highly regularlized form of decoration Problem with both of these examples is that there are not enough signs that are obviously cartographic…

Petroglyph Map from Bendolina, Italy

Bedolina Map with Tracing

Labels by Craig Alexander, 2007.

Babylonian Town Maps

Babylonian World Map?

Mapmaking in the Age of Archaic Greece Anaximander (c. 610 - 546 BCE) Corrected by Hecataeus (c. 550-480 BCE) Pythagorus (c. 550 – 475 BCE) Earth as a sphere (c. 570 - 495 BCE) Herodotus (c. 484 - 425 BCE) Aristotle (384 – 322 BCE)

Possible Rendering of Anaximander’s World Map

Reconstruction of Hecataeus’ World Map

Climate Zones

Eratosthenes: The Father of Modern Cartography? Eratosthenes (ca. 275-195 BCE) On the Measurement of the Earth Geographica Calculated the circumference of the earth (within 1/2 % accuracy) Introduced the idea of meridians and parallels

Thule, thought inaccurate, 6 days sail North from Britain, but could be Iceland Taprobane: possiblly Sri Lanka… we know they were trading that far afield then 19th c reproduction Combined mathematical knowledge with what explorers and traders were telling him

Roman Cartography

Agrippa’s World Map (Reconstruction)

Claudius Ptolemy (ca. 83- 168 CE) Benefited from Greek theoretical knowledge and Roman knowledge of the world Geographica Coordinates based on latitude and longitude index

Themes Different reasons for the creation of maps Understand one’s place in the world Religious meaning Practical necessity propaganda

The Semiotics of Maps Link of complex cartography and literacy? Bird’s eye view Representation of abstractions in oral cultures