17 Atmosphere 17.1 The Atmosphere in Balance CHAPTER Atmosphere EXIT CHAPTER 17.1 The Atmosphere in Balance 17.2 Heat and the Atmosphere 17.3 Local Temperature Variations 17.4 Human Impact on the Atmosphere CHAPTER OUTLINE

17.1 The Atmosphere in the Balance CHAPTER Atmosphere CHAPTER HOME 17.1 The Atmosphere in the Balance Earth’s atmosphere contains nitrogen and oxygen, with small amounts of other gases and dust particles. Gases, including water vapor, move between the atmosphere and other parts of the Earth system, yet the composition of the atmosphere remains fairly constant. H2O O2 CO2 SECTION OUTLINE

17.1 The Atmosphere in the Balance CHAPTER Atmosphere CHAPTER HOME 17.1 The Atmosphere in the Balance Earth’s atmosphere contains nitrogen and oxygen, with small amounts of other gases and dust particles. Gases, including water vapor, move between the atmosphere and other parts of the Earth system, yet the composition of the atmosphere remains fairly constant. Local events can change the composition of the atmosphere, with global consequences. SECTION OUTLINE

17.2 Heat and the Atmosphere CHAPTER Atmosphere CHAPTER HOME 17.2 Heat and the Atmosphere VOCABULARY Heat moves by radiation, convection, and conduction. radiation conduction 120 110 100 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 90 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 THERMOSPHERE Mesopause MESOPHERE Stratopause STRATOSPHERE Tropopause TROPOSPHERE Height above ground (kilometers) COLDER WARMER convection The atmosphere is divided into layers based on temperature. temperature heat troposphere stratosphere ozone mesosphere thermosphere ionosphere insolation SECTION OUTLINE

17.2 Heat and the Atmosphere CHAPTER Atmosphere CHAPTER HOME 17.2 Heat and the Atmosphere VOCABULARY Earth’s heat budget represents the flow of energy into and out of Earth’s atmosphere. radiation conduction convection 100 units of insolation A total of 64 units radiated back into space via the atmosphere 6 units radiate to space from Earth’s surface 15 units radiate from surface to atmosphere Conduction and convection transfer 7 units to atmosphere Evaporation transfers 23 units to atmosphere 30 units reflected or scattered back to space Atmosphere absorbs 19 units Earth’s surface absorbs 51 units temperature heat troposphere stratosphere ozone mesosphere thermosphere ionosphere insolation An imbalance in Earth’s heat budget changes Earth’s mean temperature. SECTION OUTLINE

17 CHAPTER Atmosphere CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY radiation conduction radiation convection The transfer of energy through space by electromagnetic waves. temperature heat troposphere stratosphere ozone mesosphere thermosphere ionosphere insolation SECTION OUTLINE

17 Atmosphere conduction CHAPTER Atmosphere CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY radiation conduction conduction convection The transfer of heat or another form of energy from one particle of a substance to another. temperature heat troposphere stratosphere ozone mesosphere thermosphere ionosphere insolation SECTION OUTLINE

17 Atmosphere convection CHAPTER Atmosphere CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY radiation conduction convection convection The transfer of heat energy in a liquid or gas through the circulation of currents of heated particles within the substance. temperature heat troposphere stratosphere ozone mesosphere thermosphere ionosphere insolation SECTION OUTLINE

17 Atmosphere temperature CHAPTER Atmosphere CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY radiation conduction temperature convection The measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules in a substance. temperature heat troposphere stratosphere ozone mesosphere thermosphere ionosphere insolation SECTION OUTLINE

17 CHAPTER Atmosphere CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY radiation conduction heat convection The total kinetic energy of all of the particles of a substance. temperature heat troposphere stratosphere ozone mesosphere thermosphere ionosphere insolation SECTION OUTLINE

17 Atmosphere troposphere CHAPTER Atmosphere CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY radiation conduction troposphere convection The lowest layer of Earth’s atmosphere, characterized by decreasing temperature with altitude. temperature heat troposphere stratosphere ozone mesosphere thermosphere ionosphere insolation SECTION OUTLINE

17 Atmosphere stratosphere CHAPTER Atmosphere CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY radiation conduction stratosphere convection The layer of the Earth’s atmosphere that extends from the troposphere to the mesosphere; concentrations of ozone cause temperatures within the stratosphere to increase with altitude. temperature heat troposphere stratosphere ozone mesosphere thermosphere ionosphere insolation SECTION OUTLINE

17 CHAPTER Atmosphere CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY radiation conduction ozone convection A molecule of oxygen that consists of three oxygen atoms. temperature heat troposphere stratosphere ozone mesosphere thermosphere ionosphere insolation SECTION OUTLINE

17 Atmosphere mesosphere CHAPTER Atmosphere CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY radiation conduction mesosphere convection The layer of the Earth’s atmosphere that extends from the stratosphere to the thermosphere, characterized by decreasing temperatures. temperature heat troposphere stratosphere ozone mesosphere thermosphere ionosphere insolation SECTION OUTLINE

17 Atmosphere thermosphere CHAPTER Atmosphere CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY radiation conduction thermosphere convection The layer of the Earth’s atmosphere above the mesosphere, characterized by increasing temperature with altitude. temperature heat troposphere stratosphere ozone mesosphere thermosphere ionosphere insolation SECTION OUTLINE

17 Atmosphere ionosphere CHAPTER Atmosphere CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY radiation conduction ionosphere convection The portion of the thermosphere between about 90 and 500 kilometers above Earth, where the air is highly ionized due to the effects of the sun’s ultraviolet rays. temperature heat troposphere stratosphere ozone mesosphere thermosphere ionosphere insolation SECTION OUTLINE

17 Atmosphere insolation The solar radiation that reaches Earth. CHAPTER Atmosphere CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY radiation conduction insolation convection The solar radiation that reaches Earth. temperature heat troposphere stratosphere ozone mesosphere thermosphere ionosphere insolation SECTION OUTLINE

17.3 Local Temperature Variations CHAPTER Atmosphere CHAPTER HOME 17.3 Local Temperature Variations VOCABULARY The intensity of insolation depends upon the angle at which sunlight strikes Earth’s surface. The intensity is greatest at low latitudes, isotherm during the summer, and around noon. Equator The angle of sunlight varies with latitude. SUN’S RAYS New Orleans Equator June 21 Dec. 21 SECTION OUTLINE

17.3 Local Temperature Variations CHAPTER Atmosphere CHAPTER HOME 17.3 Local Temperature Variations VOCABULARY Cloud cover can affect how much energy moves through the atmosphere. isotherm Land heats and cools more readily than water. Isotherms shift with the seasons, more dramatically over land than over water. Mean sea-level temperatures in January SECTION OUTLINE

17.3 Local Temperature Variations CHAPTER Atmosphere CHAPTER HOME 17.3 Local Temperature Variations VOCABULARY Cloud cover can affect how much energy moves through the atmosphere. isotherm Land heats and cools more readily than water. Isotherms shift with the seasons, more dramatically over land than over water. Mean sea-level temperatures in July SECTION OUTLINE

17 CHAPTER Atmosphere CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY isotherm isotherm A line drawn on a weather map through places having the same atmospheric temperature at a given time. SECTION OUTLINE

17.4 Human Impact on the Atmosphere CHAPTER Atmosphere CHAPTER HOME 17.4 Human Impact on the Atmosphere VOCABULARY air pollutant temperature inversion Human activities produce pollutants that are released into the air and affect the atmosphere. Common Air Pollutants Major Sources Some Effects Carbon monoxide (CO) Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Sulfur dioxide (SO2) … SECTION OUTLINE click here to enlarge table

17.4 Human Impact on the Atmosphere CHAPTER Atmosphere CHAPTER HOME 17.4 Human Impact on the Atmosphere VOCABULARY air pollutant temperature inversion Pollutants can react with water vapor to form acid precipitation, be trapped by temperature inversions to cause thick smog, reduce the amount of ozone in the ozone layer, and contribute to global warming. Ozone hole, October 1999 SECTION OUTLINE

17 Atmosphere air pollutant CHAPTER Atmosphere CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY air pollutant temperature inversion air pollutant Any airborne gas or particle that occurs at a concentration capable of harming living things or disrupting the functioning of the environment. SECTION OUTLINE

temperature inversion 17 CHAPTER Atmosphere CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY air pollutant temperature inversion temperature inversion An increase in temperature with an increase in altitude; occurs when a layer of cold air is trapped beneath a layer of warm air. SECTION OUTLINE

I. The Atmosphere in Balance 17 CHAPTER Atmosphere CHAPTER HOME I. The Atmosphere in Balance A. The Composition of the Atmosphere B. Recycling of Atmospheric Materials C. A Delicate Balance KEY IDEA SUMMARY

II. Heat and the Atmosphere 17 CHAPTER Atmosphere CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY II. Heat and the Atmosphere radiation A. How Heat Energy Moves conduction B. Heat and Temperature convection C. Structure of the Atmosphere temperature 1. The Troposphere heat 2. The Stratosphere troposphere 3. The Mesosphere and Thermosphere stratosphere 4. The Ionosphere ozone D. Insolation and the Atmosphere mesosphere 1. Heat Budget of Earth and the Atmosphere thermosphere ionosphere insolation KEY IDEA SUMMARY

III. Local Temperature Variations 17 CHAPTER Atmosphere CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY III. Local Temperature Variations isotherm A. Intensity of Insolation 1. Time of Day 2. Latitude 3. Time of Year 4. Cloud Cover B. Heating of Water and Land C. Temperature Maps KEY IDEA SUMMARY

IV. Human Impact on the Atmosphere 17 CHAPTER Atmosphere CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY IV. Human Impact on the Atmosphere air pollutant A. Common Air Pollutants temperature inversion B. Acid Rain C. Smog D. Ozone Depletion E. Global Warming KEY IDEA SUMMARY

Common Air Pollutants EXIT Common Air Pollutants Major Sources Some Effects Carbon monoxide (CO) Reduces delivery of oxygen to body tissues, impairs vision and reflexes automobile exhaust Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) burning of fossil fuels in power plants and automobiles Irritates lungs and lowers resistance to respiratory infections; contributes to acid rain and smog Sulfur dioxide (SO2) burning of fossil fuels in power plants, oil refineries, paper mills, volcanoes Irritates respiratory system; contributes to acid rain Particulates (dust, smoke, soot, ash) factories, paper mills, oil refineries, power plants, volcanoes Contributes to respiratory problems; linked to some cancers Lead (Pb) smelters, battery plants Damages nervous and digestive systems Ozone (O3) reactions of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons in the presence of sunlight Reduces lung function and causes inflammation

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