Game Programming in Java Dr. Jeyakesavan Veerasamy CS faculty, The University of Texas at Dallas Website:

Goals Understand C++ vs. Java concepts Strengthen recursive coding skills See algorithm efficiency in action Strengthen logical thinking skills Strengthen coding skills in Java Event driven programming This is NOT a “serious” game programming workshop!

C++ vs. Java: Similarities Both support OOP. Most OOP library contents are similar, however Java continues to grow faster. Syntax is very close – Java has strong influence of C/C++. Easy to learn the other language when you know one of these.

C++ Compiler & Linker expectations file1.cppfile2.cppfilen.cpp …. file1.ofile2.ofilen.o …. Linker application (executable) Compiler C++ compiler does not care about filenames.

Java? … file1.java file2.java file3.javafilen.java

C++ Concepts: Operator overloading Operator overloading: ComplexNumber x, y, z; z = x + y; In Java?

C++ Concepts: Method overloading Method overloading – similar to Java – use different argument types to differentiate

C++ Concept: Friend friend designation - breaks OOP philosophy! – specific functions/methods outside the class can access private data  Why?

Concepts: Objects Objects can be created as local variables just like any basic data types. ComplexNumber num1;

Arrays Basic data types and classes are treated the same way in C++, unlike Java. ComplexNumber numbers[5];

C++ Array version #2 ComplexNumber *numbers; numbers = new ComplexNumber[5];

C++ Array version #3 ComplexNumber **numbers; numbers = new ComplexNumber*[5]; for( index i = 0 ; i < 5 ; i++) numbers[i] = new ComplexNumber(…);

Java ComplexNumber numbers[]; numbers = new ComplexNumber[5]; for( index i = 0 ; i < 5 ; i++) numbers[i] = new ComplexNumber(…);

C++ Pointers vs Java References Explicit in C++: ComplexType *cnump; Pointer arithmetic Dynamic memory allocation requires pointers (just like references in Java)

Dynamic memory allocation No automatic garbage collection in C++ # of new invocations should match # of delete invocations. If a class constructor allocates memory (i.e. uses “new …”), it needs a destructor method too – it should use “delete …” to release allocated memory.

C++ vs. Java: differences C++Java Write once, compile everywhere  unique executable for each target Write once, run anywhere  same class files will run above all target-specific JREs. No strict relationship between class names and filenames. Typically, a header file and implementation file are used for each class. Strict relationship is enforced, e.g. source code for class PayRoll has to be in PayRoll.java I/O statements use cin and cout, e.g. cin >> x; cout << y; I/O input mechanism is bit more complex, since default mechanism reads one byte at a time (System.in). Output is easy, e.g. System.out.println(x); Pointers, References, and pass by value are supported. No array bound checking. Primitive data types always passed by value. Objects are passed by reference. Array bounds are always checked. Explicit memory management. Supports destructors. Automatic Garbage Collection. Supports operator overloading.Specifically operator overloading was left out.

Example: Guessing game Think of a number between 1 and 100 in your mind. Then, the computer (program) will ask you a series of questions and determine that number based on your answers. Series of interactions: Program: Is it NN? Your response:

Sample run #1 Guess a number between 1 and 100 (both inclusive) and get ready to answer a few questions. How about 50 ( )? < How about 25 ( )? < How about 12 ( )? > How about 18 ( )? > How about 21 ( )? < How about 19 ( )? > Your guess is 20.

Sample run #2 Guess a number between 1 and 100 (both inclusive) and get ready to answer a few questions. How about 50 ( )? > How about 75 ( )? < How about 62 ( )? > How about 68 ( )? > How about 71 ( )? = Your guess is 71.

Example: Lotto game Generate 6 unique numbers from 1 to 50. Output should NOT have repeating numbers. Random ran = new Random(); int x = ran.nextInt(50); //returns 0 to 49

Example: Hangman game

Programming Competitions: usaco.org Create a new account in usaco.org Use graduation year 9999, country code IND Then go to your to find the password. Login first, then go to look into Bronze level problems

USA Computing Olympiad training site ace.delos.com/usacogate You need to create an account (use KITE address) to gain access. 100s or 1000s of programming problems! A few solution files

Example: Knapsack problem int weights[] = { 5, 9, 23, 12, 45, 10, 4, 19, 53 }; int target = 100; Goal is to find 2 distinct weights, when added, come to close to target, but do NOT exceed it. For this problem, answer is 45 and 53. Now, let us write generic algorithm so that we can find it for any user-specified target value.

Memory game GUI setup code Image files